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Caffeine, a xanthine alkaloid, is widely consumed in beverages such as coffee and tea, as well as in certain medications. It acts primarily as a central nervous system stimulant by antagonizing adenosine receptors, leading to increased alertness and reduced fatigue. Caffeine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes, primarily CYP1A2, into three primary metabolites: paraxanthine, theobromine, and theophylline. Its effects on the body include improved mood, enhanced cognitive performance, and increased catecholamine release, which can have beneficial effects on behavior. However, excessive consumption can lead to adverse effects such as insomnia, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Caffeine's pharmacokinetics and its interaction with various biological systems have been extensively studied to understand its impact on health and disease prevention.
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