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Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic primarily used to treat bacterial infections in various body locations, including the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissue, and urinary tract. The mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. Ceftriaxone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been linked to mutations in the penA gene, which encodes a penicillin-binding protein, and other genes like ftsX. These mutations can lead to decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone, impacting its effectiveness. The penA gene is located on the bacterial chromosome and exhibits mosaicism, contributing to the resistance phenotype. The structure of ceftriaxone includes a beta-lactam ring, which is crucial for its antibacterial activity. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance helps in developing strategies to overcome reduced susceptibility and maintain the efficacy of ceftriaxone in clinical settings.
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