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Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a commonly used thiazide diuretic that helps manage hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema associated with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal disorders. Its primary mechanism involves inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney, leading to increased excretion of sodium and water. This diuretic effect decreases plasma volume, resulting in reduced cardiac output and blood pressure. Hydrochlorothiazide also mildly affects calcium excretion, offering additional benefits in reducing the risk of calcium-containing kidney stones. Due to its antihypertensive properties, HCTZ is often prescribed alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. While generally well-tolerated, potential side effects include electrolyte imbalances (such as hypokalemia), dehydration, hyperglycemia, and increased uric acid levels, which may exacerbate gout. Regular monitoring of renal function and electrolytes is recommended during treatment. Hydrochlorothiazide's role in managing hypertension highlights its importance as a foundational therapy in cardiovascular disease management.
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