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IL-17A and IL-17F are well-characterized homodimeric cytokines secreted by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, gamma-delta T cells and several subsets of innate lymphoid cells. Somewhat less appreciated, IL-17A and IL-17F subunits can also form the heterodimer, IL-17AF. Together, these three dimers signal through the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex to mediate immune responses at mucosal interfaces and are found at lesion sites in inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
IL-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced primarily by activated Th2 cells, and is involved in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. IL-13 down-regulates macrophage activity, thereby inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and is involved in allergen-induced asthma through mechanisms independent of IgE and eosinophils. IL-13 also regulates several stages of B cell maturation and differentiation, up-regulates CD23 and MHC class II expression, and promotes IgE isotype switching of B cells. Structurally, IL-13 closely resembles IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF. The gene encoding IL-13, IL3, IL5, IL4, and CSF2 form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5q, with the IL-13 gene particularly close to IL4.
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