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Please note: We are reviewing Western blot images included in the antibody testing data in our catalog, including those provided by third parties. Unless expressly labeled or annotated as “raw-unedited”, Western blot images included in the antibody testing data in our catalog may have been edited, optimized or otherwise adjusted for presentation.
CD19 is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein with two Ig-like domains. It is expressed on B cells at all stages of development except terminal plasma cells, and is also found on follicular dendritic cells and some myeloid leukemia cells. As the earliest and most broadly expressed B cell marker, CD19 is present in all B cell precursor leukemias. CD19 forms a signaling complex with CD21, CD81, Leu13, MHC class II, and the B cell receptor (BCR). It functions as a key BCR co-receptor, amplifying signals and lowering the activation threshold, allowing B cells to respond even to low-affinity antigens. CD19 signaling triggers tyrosine phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, and B cell proliferation. It can also act independently as a central signaling regulator integrating multiple pathways. CD19 is essential for normal immune responses and malignant B cell growth. Mutations can cause hypogammaglobulinemia (low antibody levels), while overexpression may lead to B cell hyperactivity. It is expressed on virtually all peripheral B cells.
CD47, also known as integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a widely expressed glycosylated transmembrane protein found on hematopoietic cells (T cells, B cells, monocytes, platelets, erythrocytes) and many non-hematopoietic cells. It interacts with integrins and serves as a receptor for thrombospondin, influencing cell signaling, migration, and synaptic activity. CD47 binds to SIRPα (CD172a) on macrophages, delivering a “don’t eat me” signal that inhibits phagocytosis of CD47-positive cells. CD47 also regulates B cell adhesion, T cell activation, neuronal development, and responses to mechanical stress in cartilage. In T cells, thrombospondin binding can promote activation or apoptosis. Antibody engagement of CD47 can induce suppressive T cell activity and increase Foxp3 expression. Its broad distribution and signaling roles highlight its importance in immune regulation and other physiological processes.
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