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E-cadherin, encoded by the CDH1 gene located at chromosome 16q22.1, is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule involved in maintaining cellular adhesion and polarity. It acts as a tumor suppressor by preventing metastasis in carcinogenesis, as its loss or dysfunction is associated with cancer progression. N-cadherin, encoded by the CDH2 gene and known for its role in cardiac regeneration, operates by stabilizing B-catenin and promoting cellular proliferation. It is expressed in diverse tissues, mediating strong adhesion in cardiac tissues and playing roles in neural development. Furthermore, N-cadherin aids in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, contributing to cancer cell migration. P-cadherin, encoded by the CDH3 gene, is primarily expressed in myoepithelial cells and is implicated in cancer through deregulation. It is known for its roles in cellular adhesion, particularly in neural circuit formation, and may serve as a biomarker for certain cancers due to its altered expression profiles in tumors. These three cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules that interact with catenins, forming complexes that help regulate cell signaling and adhesion in various biological contexts.
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