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Heat-mediated antigen retrieval is recommended prior to staining, using a 10mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 10 minutes followed by cooling at room temperature for 20 min. Following antigen retrieval, incubate samples with primary antibody for 10 min at room temperature. Milk-derived blocking solutions reportedly contain phosphoproteins that may inhibit phosphoamino acid antibody binding and therefore should be avoided. A suggested positive control is MCF-7 cells, EGF-stimulated A431 cells or breast carcinoma.
The role of tyrosine phosphorylation in transduction of the mitogenic signal from transmembrane receptors and in transformation by oncogene tyrosine kinases has been the subject of intense investigation for several years. While the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues has been shown to be a primary mechanism of signal transduction during normal mitogenesis, cell cycle progression and oncogenic transformation, its role in other areas such as differentiation and gap junction communication, is a matter of active and ongoing research. Antibodies that specifically recognize phosphorylated tyrosine residues have proved to be invaluable to the study of tyrosine -phosphorylated proteins and the biochemical pathways in which they function. The fluorescein (FITC) conjugate of clone PY20 anti-phosphotyrosine is especially useful for the detection of these P-Tyr proteins in immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical protocols in situations wherein the use of a secondary antibody would complicate detection of the protein(s) of interest.
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