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The pyroglutamate (pGlu) amyloid-beta (AB) is a modified form of the amyloid-beta peptide that has an N-terminal modification where the glutamate residue at the third position is cyclized to form pyroglutamate. This post-translational modification enhances the aggregation and stability of AB, making pGlu-AB a particularly toxic species implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Structurally, the formation of pyroglutamate increases the hydrophobicity of the AB peptide, promoting its aggregation into oligomers and fibrils. Functionally, pGlu-AB has been shown to be more resistant to degradation by proteolytic enzymes compared to unmodified AB peptides. The accumulation of pGlu-AB in the brain contributes to the formation of amyloid plaques, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, which are hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease.
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