Lipofectamine™ RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent, 0.75 mL - FAQs

使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX转染操作后我观察到细胞出现死亡，应该如何做？

在转染过程中从培养基中去除抗生素，因为这会导致压力导致细胞死亡。试着调整脂质体和siRNA的数量。使用传代数较低的细胞以获得更好的生存能力。考虑检测在细胞培养中不易检测到的微生物，如支原体。

我不慎将自己的Lipofectamine RNAiMAX试剂留在了室温条件下，还能继续使用吗？

可以，我们所有的脂质体转染试剂均能够在室温下稳定保存数月。

我不慎冻存了自己的Lipofectamine RNAiMAX试剂，还能继续使用吗？

冷冻可能会改变脂质体的完整性与组成。试剂的性能可能会受到影响，在一周左右的时间内使用可能还可以。使用一管新试剂比较有保障。

我不慎将我的脂质体试剂留在了室温条件下，还能继续使用吗？

可以，我们所有的脂质体转染试剂均能够在室温下稳定保存数月。

在使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX时，我应选择何种阳性转染对照？

BLOCK-iT Alexa Fluor红色荧光对照品（货号14750100）可作为siRNA转染效率的指示剂。这一染料可通过为Alexa Fluor 555、Cy3、DsRed、Texas Red或罗丹明荧光基团而设计的标准滤片组来进行检测。

我能否使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX共转染siRNA和质粒DNA？

Lipofectamine 3000或Lipofectamine 2000可用于siRNA和质粒DNA的共转染实验，而Lipofectamine RNAiMAX并不适用。

可否将Lipofectamine LTX用于RNAi的转染实验？

我们推荐用Lipofectamine 3000转染RNAi载体DNA，对于化学合成的siRNA的转染建议您使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX。对体内siRNA实验而言，我们建议使用Invivofectamine 3.0试剂。

可否将Lipofectamine 3000用于RNAi的转染实验？

Lipofectamine 3000对基于载体的RNAi与合成siRNA的递送效果良好，也适用于siRNA与质粒DNA的共转染实验。不过，Lipofectamine RNAiMAX是我们转染合成siRNA效果最佳的转染试剂。对体内siRNA实验而言，我们建议使用Invivofectamine 3.0试剂。

我正在尝试向HEK293细胞中共转染质粒DNA和siRNA。你们能就此提供一些有助于获得最佳效果的建议么？

为了成功完成质粒DNA和siRNA的共转染操作，我们建议您使用高品质的DNA，针对目的基因设计并经验证的siRNA，以及处于对数生长期的细胞。共转的方法或共转实验的应用十分重要，它们能帮助您确定递送顺序和挑选合适的转染试剂：

1.为了研究共转质粒所表达基因的siRNA敲低效率，可使用Lipofectamine 3000及P3000增强剂来共转染质粒DNA和siRNA。如需确定质粒DNA，siRNA，Lipofectamine 3000和P3000增强剂的共转染用量，请参考此手册(http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/lipofectamine3000_protocol.pdf)使用质粒DNA和siRNA单独转染时推荐的用量进行共转染实验。
2.如需研究内源基因的siRNA敲低效率，我们建议使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX转染siRNA。转染siRNA 4-48小时之后，可使用Lipofectamine 3000转染质粒DNA。转染后递送质粒DNA的时间可能需要根据被敲低蛋白的半衰期来进行优化。
一旦基于具体应用确定了适当的递送方法，就可针对DNA、siRNA和转染试剂的用量进行优化。对于96孔板中HEK293细胞的转染应用而言，我们通常建议在每一反应孔中添加如下剂量：

- DNA: 0.1–0.2 μg
- siRNA: 1–3 pmoles
- Lipofectamine 3000: 0.1–0.3 μL

你们建议使用何种转染试剂进行RNAi方面的应用？

我们建议您在所有细胞类型中使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX试剂转染siRNA。该产品是专门针对siRNA转染而研发，能够提供高的转染效率和低的细胞毒性。因此，您只需进行些许的优化即可达到理想效果。针对基于载体DNA的RNAi应用，我们建议使用Lipofectamine 3000结合P3000增强剂进行转染。

转染过程中的培养基可使用抗生素么？

可以，转染过程中可在培养基中添加抗生素（青霉素-链霉素）。我们对多个细胞系在含与不含抗生素的培养基中的转染效果进行了比较，同时评估其转染效率和细胞毒性，结果显示并无差别。不过，某些细胞类型对转染过程敏感或可能出现细胞毒性方面的问题，此时省略抗生素可能会有助于改善结果。对稳定转染而言，转染操作后至少等待48小时以上，再加入选择性抗生素。

在脂质体转染过程中必须使用无血清的培养基么？

脂质体转染过程中不是必须采用无血清培养基。不过，脂质：核酸复合物一定要在无血清的条件下配制，因为（血清中的）蛋白质可能会干扰复合物的形成。一旦复合物形成，即可直接加至含血清培养基中的细胞中。

你们建议使用何种脂质转染试剂来尝试转染我的细胞系？

我们建议使用Lipofectamine 3000进行质粒DNA转染，使用Lipofectamine MessengerMAX进行mRNA或短寡核苷酸转染，使用Lipofectamine RNAiMAX进行siRNA/miRNA的转染。请参考转染试剂选择指南(https://www.thermofisher.com/cn/zh/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html)并根据所用的细胞系和应用来进行正确的选择。

进行转染操作时，你们建议使用何种对照？

为了确保最佳转染成功，我们建议包括阳性转染对照和额外的对照来确认细胞健康和试剂质量。

对于DNA转染，我们建议使用pJTI R4 Exp CMV EmGFP pA载体(货号A14146)。对于siRNA转染，我们建议使用BLOCK-iT AlexaFluor红色荧光对照(货号14750100)或Silencer Select GAPDH阳性对照siRNA (货号4390850)。对于蛋白质转染，我们建议与EmGFP mRNA如Tri-Link CleanCap EGFP mRNA (货号L – 7201)共转染。

细胞健康和试剂质量对照包括：

纯细胞组
细胞+DNA或RNAi组
细胞+脂质试剂组
细胞+GFP质粒阳性对照组

为获得最佳转染效果使用脂质体转染试剂应注意的要点有哪些？

以下要点需要考虑：

1. 针对您的细胞类型来选择阳离子脂质试剂以获得最高转染效率。请参考转染试剂选择指南(http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html)进行正确的选择。
2. 优化阳离子脂质试剂和DNA的用量。除细胞状态以外最重要的因素是脂质体：DNA的比率。
3. 在复合物形成过程中不要使用血清。血清中可能含有能一直复合物形成的化合物。我们推荐使用Opti-MEM I减血清培养基以获得最佳的复合物形成效果。然而不含血清的DMEM或PRMI 1640也是可以使用的，但复合物形成效率可能不及Opti-MEM I减血清培养基那样高。
4. 在配制用于DNA-阳离子脂质体复合物形成的培养基中不要使用抗生素、EDTA、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、硫酸软骨素、透明质酸、硫酸葡聚糖或其他硫酸蛋白聚糖。
5. 转染时的细胞（密度）应处于60%至80%的汇合度。细胞应处于对数生长中期。为了确保在实验组间获得最为稳定的结果，建议您最好能够在实验开始时优化细胞铺板密度，而不是仅仅通过细胞汇合度来粗略估计。
6. 请确保转染DNA中的启动子-增强子能够兼容靶标细胞类型。
7. 不要使用冰冻过的，或在温度低于4°C的冰箱隔间中储存的阳离子脂质试剂。
8. 请在转染分析实验中加入阳性对照（比如选择货号 A14146 为追DNA转染对照选择货号 14750100 作为siRNA转染对照）。

同时，请参考此处(https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html)列举的要点提示。

你们的转染试剂的稳定性如何？

我们的转染试剂是在常温条件下运输的，在收到产品后应立即置于4℃条件下储存。如果贮存和使用得当，除了管子标签或者产品COA文件中有特别标注外，我们保证从收到产品之日起一年内产品的性能正常。我们不推荐冻存转染试剂，因为冻存一般会降低转染效果。

关于室温运输转染试剂的说明请参见此白皮书(http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/cms_103226.pdf)

为何转染之后我观察到细胞出现毒性反应？你们能提供一些帮助吗？

此处(https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html#2)是一些转染后细胞活性降低的可能原因及其相应的解决方案。请注意，最近研究发现，转染过程中可在培养基中使用抗生素。我们对多个细胞系在含与不含抗生素的培养基中的转染效果进行了比较，同时评估其转染效率和细胞毒性，结果显示并无差别。对稳定转染而言，转染操作后至少等待72小时以上，再加入选择性抗生素。

我实验的转染效率很低。你们能给予一些问题排查提示吗？

此处(https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html#1)收录了一些转染效率低的可能原因及其相应的解决方案。

如何制作剂量反应曲线或致死曲线？

剂量反应曲线是一种测定细胞接触不同浓度抗生素时的细胞毒性的有力工具。筛选抗性细胞所需的选择性抗生素的量因多种因素而异，包括细胞类型和抗生素类型。我们建议每次制作剂量-反应曲线时使用新的抗生素（或不同的品牌）或是使用不同的细胞系。
剂量-反应曲线测定的实验概要：

1. 将细胞铺在一定数目的孔中，使得它们有25-30％的汇合度。这表明细胞仍在分裂，并对抗生素反应良好。
2. 使用生长培养基稀释待测抗生素至推荐范围的广泛线性浓度。
3. 从细胞中移去生长培养基。将含抗生素的培养基加到各自孔中，留一组孔空置不加。在这些空孔中加入不含抗生素的生长培养基。
4. 在适当的生长条件下培养细胞（每隔3-4天更换一次培养基以去除死细胞，同时添加新鲜的含抗生素培养基）并每日观察细胞状态。在10-14天时，估算每孔中的活细胞数目。（这个时间周期取决于待测抗生素。抗生素如Geneticin、Hygromycin和Zeocin需要大约3周杀死细胞，因此等待10-14天较为理想。而Blasticidin杀死细胞需要大约2周，等待7-10天即可。）为了达到这一点，移去培养基，用磷酸盐缓冲盐水洗涤细胞并用0.5％的亚甲基蓝和50％甲醇进行细胞染色20分钟。
5. 将对应于不同抗生素浓度的活细胞数目绘图。这个曲线即是剂量-响应曲线或致死曲线。抗生素在所选时间段内杀死所有细胞的最低浓度就是接下来用于稳定筛选的浓度。

病毒转导相对于转染的主要优势在哪里？

转染无法用于某些细胞类型，例如非分裂细胞，而病毒转导既能用于分裂细胞又能用于非分裂细胞，比如难以转染的神经细胞。

相对于磷酸钙介导的转染，脂质体介导的转染的主要优势在哪里？

脂质体介导的转染的主要优势是能取得更高的转染效率，即使是不能使用磷酸钙介导转染的细胞类型。此外，脂质体介导的转染不仅能用于寡聚核苷酸到大DNA范围内的DNA递送，还能递送RNA和蛋白质。

Lipofectamine3000与Lipofectamine2000一样吗？LipofectamineLTX、LipofectaminePLUS和Lipofectamine如何？

这些产品都是不同的阳离子脂质体试剂。Lipofectamine3000为质粒DNA和RNAi转入最广泛类型的细胞提供了最佳的转染性能。LipofectamineLTX用于以最小的细胞毒性递送质粒DNA。虽然PLUS试剂可以单独购买（货号11514-015），但LipofectaminePLUS转染试剂目前已经停产。Lipofectamine最初于20世纪80年代末发布，被认为是我们的第一代转染试剂。我们将继续为偏向使用老试剂的客户提供这些产品，但建议所有的新客户开始尝试Lipofectamine3000以获得最佳的转染性能和最低的细胞毒性。

什么类型的分子可以使用转染试剂转染？

我们的阳离子脂质体转染试剂可用于转染DNA、siRNA、Stealth RNAi、mRNA、dicer-产生的siRNA混合物、或shRNA质粒。寡核苷酸，蛋白质和RNA也可由其转染。DNA可以是质粒、粘粒，甚至是长达600 kb的YAC克隆。

哪里可找到使用过你们试剂的其他研究者的参考文献？

访问每种类型试剂的产品页面，在页面底部即可看到有一个引用列表。您也可访问一个罗列特定细胞系参考文献的表格。我们还建议采用www.highwire.org作为搜索引擎来查找使用我们转染产品的最新研究论文。您只需在搜索条件中直接列出转染试剂的名称和您的细胞系/应用。

在哪里可以找到特定细胞系的转染方案？

特定细胞系的转染方案可点击此处(https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support.html)找到。如果您未找到特定细胞系转染方案或者方案没有达到预期效果，我们建议测试随产品提供的实验方案中描述的条件，确定最佳的实验方案。 成功的转染依赖于细胞类型、脂质体用量、细胞的健康情况、传代次数和转染时的细胞密度。这些因素在各个实验室之间可能略有不同，为了得到相同的结果，可能需要对实验方案进行额外的优化。请访问我们的非常有用的转染实验问题排查技巧页面（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html.），更多关于问题排查的信息欢迎访问我们的转染支持中心(thermofisher.com/transfectionsupport)。

为什么我的基因在瞬时转染的表达水平要高于稳定转染？

瞬时转染克隆的表达水平通常比较高，因为瞬时转染细胞通常具有较高的外源基因拷贝数（每个细胞几百个）。稳定转染的克隆通常有1-2个拷贝整合进基因组，因此其表达水平较低。有时候，稳定转染细胞的表达水平低是因为当组成型表达重组蛋白时对细胞造成了负面影响。

为什么我的转染实验不具有可重复性？

一般情况下，无论如何尝试控制转染影响因素，两次转染的效率仍会表现出一定程度的差异性。转染时，请保持所有转染影响因素，如细胞汇合度、传代次数和生长期一致。尽可能解冻新的细胞。为了尽量减少转染差异的影响，可以使用内参，如β半乳糖苷酶或萤光素酶。可以共转染表达质粒和参考质粒，分析β-gal或荧光素酶的活性。

我使用的孔的大小与您在试验方案中详细描述的有所不同。该如何放大或缩小我的转染体系呢？

我们的每个转染试剂实验方案均提供了一个表格，用于放大或缩小转染体系。详细信息请参考具体的说明书。

我可以针对不同的细胞系使用相同量的任意转染试剂吗？

不可以，转染效率和每个孔所用试剂的量密切相关，并可能因试剂而异。为了获得最佳转染效率，请参考随转染试剂提供的产品信息。
随产品提供的实验方案将为您提供每个孔转染试剂的最佳使用量范围。在产品开发期间，该使用量在多种细胞系中都能很好地工作。如果在您特定的细胞系中没有得到预期的效果，可能还需要做进一步的优化。请访问我们的非常有用的转染实验问题排查技巧页面（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html.），更多关于问题排查的信息欢迎访问我们的转染支持中心(thermofisher.com/transfectionsupport)。

细胞密度（％汇合度）和传代次数是转染需要重要考虑的因素吗？

是的，细胞密度会影响转染性能。 Lipofectamine 3000, Lipofectamine 2000和 Lipofectamine LTX/PLUS能够在70-90％的细胞汇合度时展现优异的转染性能，而汇合度低于这一数值时，则可能观察到细胞毒性。Lipofectamine RNAiMAX在60-80％的细胞汇合度时效果最佳。
传代次数可能会影响转染实验。我们推荐一致地传代和接种细胞。传代次数过多可能会降低转染效率。我们不推荐超过20-30次传代的细胞。如果转染性能下降并且细胞已经培养过很长时间或过度/不当传代，我们建议您从液氮中复苏一瓶新细胞重新培养。请参阅 Gibco细胞培养基础手册(https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/references/gibco-cell-culture-basics.html)，了解正确培养和传代细胞的指南。

关于转染试剂的选择，你们有什么建议？

请参阅转染试剂选择指南(https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html)进行正确的选择。

转染有哪些不同的方法？

目前有很多种基因递送技术，可向真核细胞中导入质粒DNA、siRNA或双链RNAi、寡核苷酸和RNA，以便进行各种研究和药物开发应用。此处(https://www.thermofisher.com/cn/zh/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html)提供了有关这些技术及其优缺点的综述。

I'm seeing cell death after transfection using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Reagent. What should I do?

Remove antibiotics from the medium during transfection, as this can cause stress leading to cell death. Try adjusting both lipid and siRNA quantities. Use cells with lower passage number for better viability. Consider assaying for microbes such as Mycoplasma that are not detected easily in cell culture.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

I accidentally kept my Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Reagent at room temperature. Can I still use it?

Yes, all of our lipid transfection reagents are stable at room temperature for months.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

I accidentally froze my Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Reagent. Can I still use it?

Freezing can alter the integrity and composition of the lipid particles. The performance of the reagent may be affected and it may only work for the first week or so. It is safer to use a new vial.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

I accidentally left my lipid reagent at room temperature. Can I still use it?

Yes, all of our lipid transfection reagents are stable at room temperature for months.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Lipid-Based Transfection Support Center.

What positive transfection control can I use with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX?

BLOCK-iT Alexa Fluor Red Fluorescent Control (Cat. No. 14750100) can be used as an indicator of transfection efficiency of siRNA. This dye can be detected using standard filter sets designed for Alexa Fluor 555, Cy3, DsRed, Texas Red, or Rhodamine Red fluorophores.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can I use Lipofectamine RNAiMAX to co-transfect siRNA with plasmid DNA?

While Lipofectamine 3000 or Lipofectamine 2000 may be used for co-transfection of siRNA with plasmid DNA, Lipofectamine RNAiMAX cannot be used.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can I use Lipofectamine LTX in RNAi experiments?

We recommend Lipofectamine 3000 for delivery of vector-based RNAi but for direct transfection of synthetic siRNA, we recommend using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX. For in vivo siRNA experiments, we recommend Invivofectamine 3.0 Reagent.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can I use Lipofectamine 3000 in RNAi experiments?

Lipofectamine 3000 works well for delivery of vector-based RNAi and synthetic siRNA, as well as co-transfection of siRNA with plasmid DNA. However, Lipofectamine RNAiMAX is our best transfection reagent for synthetic siRNA. For in vivo siRNA experiments, we recommend Invivofectamine 3.0 Reagent.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

I am trying to co-transfect plasmid DNA and siRNA into HEK 293 cells. Can you give me some advice on the most effective way to do this?

For getting successful co-transfection of plasmid DNA and siRNA, we recommend using high-quality DNA, a validated siRNA against the gene of interest, and log-phase growing cells. The method or application for co-transfection is important to help you determine the order of delivery and the right reagent for transfection:

1. To study the effect of siRNA knockdown of the gene that is expressed by the co-transfected plasmid, both the plasmid DNA and siRNA can be co-transfected using Lipofectamine 3000 with the P3000 Enhancer. For the amounts of plasmid DNA, siRNA, Lipofectamine 3000, and P3000 Enhancer to use for co-transfection, please refer to the manual (http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/lipofectamine3000_protocol.pdf) and use the same amounts as recommended for individual transfection of plasmid DNA and siRNA.
2. To study the effect of siRNA knockdown of an endogenous gene, we recommend transfecting the siRNA first using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX. 4-48 hours after delivery of siRNA, the plasmid DNA can be transfected using Lipofectamine 3000. The time of post-transfection delivery of plasmid DNA may need to be optimized based on the half-life of the protein to be knocked down.
Once the appropriate method of delivery is determined based on the application, transfection should be optimized for DNA, siRNA, and transfection reagent doses. For transfecting HEK293 cells in 96 wells, we typically use these amounts per well:

- DNA: 0.1-0.2 µg
- siRNA: 1-3 pmoles
- Lipofectamine 3000: 0.1-0.3 µL

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Lipid-Based Transfection Support Center.

Which transfection reagent do you recommend for RNAi applications?

We recommend using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Reagent (Cat. No. 13778150) for delivery of siRNA and miRNA into all cell types. It has been specifically developed for siRNA transfection while providing high transfection efficiency with minimal cytotoxicity. As a result, less optimization is necessary. For vector DNA-based RNAi applications, we recommend Lipofectamine 3000 Reagent (Cat. No. L3000015) with the P3000 Enhancer Reagent. For CRISPR-mediated gene knockout methods, we recommend Lipofectamine CRISPRMAX (Cat. No. CMAX00015) for Cas9/gRNA ribonucleoprotein, Lipofectamine MessengerMAX (Cat. No. LMRNA001) for Cas9 mRNA, and Lipofectamine 3000 (Cat. No. L3000015) with the P3000 Enhancer Reagent for CRISPR plasmid DNA-based delivery. For all difficult-to-transfect cells, we recommend using electroporation methods such as the Neon Transfection System (Cat. No. MPK5000).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Is there a place where I can find references from other researchers who have used your transfection reagents?

Visit the product page for each reagent type and you will see a list of references at the bottom of the page. A table that lists specific cell line references is also accessible. We also recommend www.highwire.org as a search engine to find a large selection of up-to-date research articles using our transfection products. Simply include the name of the transfection reagent and your cell line/application of interest in your search criteria.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can I use antibiotics in the medium during transfection?

Antibiotics can be used in the medium for culturing of cell lines. However, we do not recommend using antibiotics in the transfection medium unless previously tested in the cell type and payload being transfected. This is because presence of antibiotics during transfection may adversely affect transfection efficiency (i.e., positively charged antibiotics binding to the DNA being transfected) and overall health of cells being transfected.

For stable transfection, we recommend waiting wait 24-48 hrs after transfection before adding selected antibiotics.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within ourTransfection Basics Support Center.

Is it necessary to use serum-free medium during lipid transfection?

It is not necessary to use serum-free medium during lipid transfection. However, it is critical to form the lipid:nucleic acid complex in the absence of serum, because proteins can interfere with complex formation. Once the complexes are formed, they can be added to cells in serum-containing medium. For optimal results with Lipofectin Transfection Reagent, we recommend performing transfection in medium without serum.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Lipid-Based Transfection Support Center.

Which lipid transfection reagent would you recommend to use for my cell line?

We recommend using Lipofectamine 3000 Reagent (Cat. No. L3000015) for the delivery of plasmid DNA, Lipofectamine MessengerMAX Reagent (Cat. No. LMRNA001) for mRNA or short oligos, and Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Reagent (Cat. No. 13778150) for siRNA or miRNA. Please refer to the Transfection reagent selection guide (http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html) to choose the best reagent based on cell type and application.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What controls do you recommend that I use when performing a transfection?

To ensure optimal transfection success, we recommend including a positive transfection control and additional controls to confirm cell health and reagent quality.

For DNA transfection, we recommend using the pJTI R4 Exp CMV EmGFP pA Vector (Cat. No. A14146). For siRNA transfection, we recommend using either the BLOCK-iT AlexaFluor Red Fluorescent Control (Cat. No. 14750100) or Silencer Select GAPDH Positive Control siRNA (Cat. No. 4390850). For protein transfection, we recommend co-transfecting with an EmGFP mRNA such as the Tri-Link CleanCap EGFP mRNA (Cat. No. L-7201).

Cell health and reagent quality controls:
- Cells only
- Cells + DNA or RNA or protein only
- Cells + lipid reagent only
- Cells + Opti-MEM only
- Cells + positive control

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within ourTransfection Support Center.

What points should I consider to achieve optimal transfection with a lipid-based transfection reagent?

Here are some points to consider:

1. Select the lipid reagent that is likely to result in highest transfection efficiency for your cell type, payload, and application. Please refer to the Transfection Reagent Selection Guide (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html) to choose the best reagent.
2. Optimize both lipid reagent and DNA quantities. The most important parameter after the condition of the cells is the ratio of lipid to DNA.
3. Do not use serum during complex formation. Serum may contain components that could interfere with complex formation. We recommend using Opti-MEM I Reduced-Serum Medium for optimal complex formation. However, serum-free DMEM or serum-free RPMI 1640 Medium can be used, but the efficiency of complex formation may not be as high as with Opti-MEM I Reduced-Serum Medium.
4. Do not use antibiotics, EDTA, citrate, phosphate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dextran sulfate, or other sulfated proteoglycans in the medium used to prepare the DNA-cationic lipid reagent complexes.
5. Cell density should be between 50% to 80% confluency at the time of transfection (please refer to specific reagent manual for details). Cells should be in the mid-log growth phase. For better consistency and reproducibility of results between transfection experiments, accurately count your cells with either a hemocytometer or the Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter (Cat. No. AMQAF1000).
6. Confirm that the promoter and/or enhancer (any gene regulatory sequences) of the transfected DNA is compatible with the target cell type.
7. Do not use a cationic lipid reagent that has been frozen or stored at temperatures below 4 degrees C.
8. Include a positive control for the transfection assay (for example, Cat. No. A14146 for plasmid DNA transfection and Cat. No. 14750100 for siRNA transfection).

For additional tips ,please take a look at the tips outlined here (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Lipid-Based Transfection Support Center.

What is the stability of your transfection reagents?

Our transfection reagents are shipped under ambient conditions and should be stored at 4 degrees C immediately upon receipt. We guarantee the performance of the product, if stored and handled properly, for one year from date of shipment unless otherwise stated on the tube label or COA. We do not recommend freezing transfection reagents, as this usually decreases transfection performance.

Please see this white paper (http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/cms_103226.pdf) on ambient shipping of Lipofectamine transfection reagents.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Why do I see cytotoxicity after performing transfection with Lipofectamine 2000? Can you please help?

Below are possible reasons why you may see reduced viability following transfection, along with suggested solution.

1. Possible Cause: DNA: transfection reagent ratio sub-optimal for cell line
   Suggested Solution: Prepare complexes using a DNA (µg) to Lipofectamine 2000 (µl) ratio of 1:2to 1:3 for most cell lines. Optimization may be necessary. If so, vary DNA (µg): Lipofectamine 2000 (µl) ratios from 1:0.5 to 1:5.
2. Possible Cause: Plasmid DNA preparation contains high levels of endotoxin
   Suggested Solution: Ensure that the plasmid DNA or siRNA used for transfection is of high quality. For plasmid DNA purification kits, we recommend using our PureLink HiPureNucleic Acid Purification Kits.
3. Possible Cause: Cell density was not optimal
   Suggested Solution: Lipofectamine 2000 works best in cultures that are >90% at the time of transfection.
4. Possible Cause: Complexes were added to cells in serum-free medium
   Suggested Solution: Try using growth medium containing serum when performing transfections. Transfection performance is typically better when the cells are more viable. If you require serum-free conditions, test medium for compatibility with Lipofectamine 2000 since some serum free formulations (e.g. CD293, SFM II, VP-SFM) may inhibit cationic lipid-mediated transfection.
5. Possible Cause: Complexes not thoroughly mixed in growth medium
   Suggested Solution: Following addition of transfection complexes into medium, ensure that the plate or wells are thoroughly mixed to prevent concentration of DNA:transfection reagent complexes in the wells
6. Possible Cause: Cells have changed over time, or splitting conditions have changed
   Suggested Solution: If transfection performance suddenly declines, it may be because of the cells. We recommend splitting and plating cells on a consistent schedule and in a manner where the cells are never too sparse or too dense. Excessive passaging also decreases transfection performance. If this is the case, start a new vial of cells from liquid nitrogen.
7. Possible Cause: Antibacterial agents were used in growth medium during transfection
   Suggested Solution: Do not use antibiotics such as chloroquine, penicillin, or streptomycin in growth medium because during transfection, cells are more permeable to antibiotics, which may cause toxicity.
8. Possible Cause: Transfection reagent stored improperly
   Suggested Solution: We recommend storing transfection reagents at 4°C. Freezing of transfection reagents, or storing them at room temperature, may decrease activity.
9. Possible Cause: Cationic lipid reagent was oxidized
   Suggested Solution: Do not vortex or agitate cationic lipid reagents excessively; this may form cationic lipid reagent peroxides.
10. Possible Cause: Selection antibiotic added too soon
    Suggested Solution: When creating stable cell lines, allow at least 72 hr for cells to express the resistance gene before adding selective antibiotic.

I am getting very low transfection efficiency with Lipofectamine 2000. Can you please provide some troubleshooting tips?

Below are possible reasons why you may be getting low transfection efficiency, along with suggested solutions:

1. Possible Cause: Plasmid DNA, siRNA, or transfection reagent diluted in media containing serum or complexes formed in the presence of serum
   Suggested Solution: Use serum-free medium for dilutions of plasmid DNA, siRNA, and transfection reagents. Note: we recommend using Opti-MEM | Reduced Serum Medium (Cat. No. 31985-062)to dilute Lipofectamine 2000 and DNA before complexing.
2. Possible Cause: DNA: transfection reagent ratio sub-optimal for cell line
   Suggested Solution: Prepare complexes using a DNA (µg) to Lipofectamine 2000 (µL) ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 for most cell lines. Optimization may be necessary. If so, vary DNA (µg): Lipofectamine2000 (µL) ratios from 1:0.5 to 1:5. If using a different transfection reagent, please consult the product manual.
3. Possible Cause: Not enough plasmid DNA used for dilution or complex formation
   Suggested Solution: Verify concentration using a second method or check the DNA for degradation. Determine DNA concentration by performing A260/A280 readings on a spectrophotometer or by using the Quant-iT DNA Assays Kits (Q33130, Q33120).
4. Possible Cause: Plasmid DNA or siRNA used in transfection has degraded or is of poor quality
   Suggested Solution: Ensure that the plasmid DNA or siRNA used for transfection is of high quality. For plasmid DNA purification kits, we recommend using our PureLink HiPure Nucleic Acid Purification Kits.
5. Possible Cause: Cell density was not optimal
   Suggested Solution: Lipofectamine 2000 works best in cultures that are >90% at the time of transfection.
6. Possible Cause: Complexes were added to cells in serum-free medium
   Suggested Solution: Try using growth medium containing serum when performing transfections. Transfection performance is typically better when the cells are more viable. If you require serum-free conditions, test medium for compatibility with Lipofectamine 2000 since some serum-free formulations (e.g. CD293, SFM II, VP-SFM) may inhibit cationic lipid-mediated transfection.
7. Possible Cause: Inhibitors were present in medium
   Suggested Solution: Do not use antibiotics, EDTA, citrate, phosphate, RPMI, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dextran sulfate, or other sulfated proteoglycans in the growth medium or in the medium used to prepare DNA:transfection reagent complexes.
8. Possible Cause: Problems with assay used to measure efficiency or expression
   Suggested Solution: Use a reporter gene to measure transfection efficiency. A reporter gene control allows you to confirm expression.
9. Possible Cause: Promoter-enhancer on vector is not recognized by the cell type
   Suggested Solution: Verify that the promoter-enhancer on your vector construct is compatible with the target cell type.
10. Possible Cause: Cells have changed over time, or splitting conditions have changed
    Suggested Solution: If transfection performance suddenly declines, it may be because of the cells. We recommend splitting and plating cells on a consistent schedule and in a manner where the cells are never too sparse or too dense. Excessive passaging also decreases transfection performance. If this is the case, start a new vial of cells from liquid nitrogen.
11. Possible Cause: Transfection reagent stored improperly
    Suggested Solution: We recommend storing transfection reagents at 4°C. Freezing of transfection reagents, or storing them at room temperature, may decrease activity.


Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Lipid-Based Transfection Support Center.

How do I perform a dose-response curve or kill curve?

The dose-response curve is a valuable tool to determine cell toxicity when exposed to various concentrations of antibiotic. The amount of selective antibiotic required to select for resistant cells varies with a number of factors, including cell type and type of antibiotic. We recommend performing a dose-response curve every time a new antibiotic (or a different brand) or a different cell line is used.

Experimental outline of dose-response curve assay:

1.Plate cells in a number of wells such that they are 25–30% confluent. This means that the cells are still dividing and hence will respond well to the antibiotic.
2.Dilute the antibiotic being tested to a broad linear concentration of the recommended range in growth medium.
3.Remove the growth medium from the cells. Apply the antibiotic-containing medium to the respective wells, leaving one set of wells empty. To these wells, add growth medium that does not contain the antibiotic.
4.Culture cells under proper growth conditions (change the medium every 3–4 days to get rid of dead cells and add fresh medium containing antibiotic) and observe the cells daily. At 10–14 days, assess the number of viable cells in each well. (This time period depends upon the antibiotic being tested; antibiotics such as Geneticin, Hygromycin, and Zeocin take about 3 weeks to kill cells, so waiting for 10–14 days would be ideal. However, for Blasticidin, which kills cells in about 2 weeks, waiting for 7–10 days would be sufficient.) To do this, aspirate the medium, wash the cells with phosphate-buffered saline and stain the cells with 0.5% methylene blue and 50% methanol for 20 minutes.
5.Plot the number of viable cells against the antibiotic concentration. This curve is the dose-response curve or kill curve. The lowest concentration of the antibiotic that kills all the cells in the chosen time period is then used for the stable selection.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What is the main advantage of viral transduction over transfection?

Transfection does not work for certain cell types such as non-dividing cells, whereas viral transduction works for dividing as well as non-dividing cells, such as neuronal cells that are hard to transfect.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What is the main advantage of lipid-mediated transfection over calcium phosphate-mediated transfection?

The main advantage of lipid-mediated transfection is the higher transfection efficiency that can be achieved with cell types that cannot be transfected using calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate is prone to variability due to its sensitivity to slight changes in pH, temperature, and buffer salt concentrations. Calcium phosphate may also be cytotoxic to many cell types, especially primary cells. Further, lipid-mediated transfection can be used to deliver DNA ranging from oligos to large DNA, and can also deliver RNA and protein.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Is Lipofectamine 3000 the same as Lipofectamine 2000? What about Lipofectamine LTX, Lipofectamine PLUS, and Lipofectin?

All of our lipid reagents have different cationic-lipid formulations, each with unique properties and specific applications. Lipofectamine 3000 (Cat. No. L3000015) provides the best transfection performance with lowest cytotoxicity for plasmid DNA and RNAi delivery for all cell types. Lipofectamine LTX (Cat. No. 15338100) was formerly designed for delivery of plasmid DNA with minimal cytotoxicity. Lipofectamine PLUS is a discontinued transfection reagent, although the PLUS Reagent is available and sold separately (Cat. No. 11514-015). Lipofectin (Cat. No. 18292011) was originally launched in the late 1980s and is considered our very first transfection reagent. We continue to offer these products for customers who prefer the older formulations, but recommend that all new users try Lipofectamine 3000 first for optimal performance and lowest toxicity.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What types of molecules can be transfected using your lipid-based transfection reagents?

Our cationic lipid transfection reagents are used to transfect DNA (plasmids or oligonucleotides), siRNA (or miRNA), mRNA, or proteins. DNA delivered may be in the form of plasmids, cosmids, or even YAC clones as large as 600 Kb. Please refer to the Transfection reagent selection guide (http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html) to choose the best reagent based on cell type and application.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Is there a place where I can find references from other researchers who have used your reagents?

Visit the product page for each reagent type and you will see a list of references at the bottom of the page. A table that lists specific cell line references is also accessible. We also recommend www.highwire.org as a search engine to find a large selection of up-to-date research articles using our transfection products. Simply include the name of the transfection reagent and your cell line/application of interest in your search criteria.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Where can I find cell line-specific transfection protocols?

Cell line-specific transfection protocols can be found here (http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/transfection-selection-tool.html). If you do not find a cell line-specific protocol or if the transfection does not perform as expected, we recommend optimizing the conditions described in the product manual. Successful transfection depends on the cell type, amount of lipid, cell health, passage number, and cell density at the time of transfection. Each of these factors may differ slightly from lab to lab and may require additional optimization of the protocol to achieve the same result. Please review our helpful troubleshooting tips: https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html. For more troubleshooting tips, please visit our Transfection Support Center (thermofisher.com/transfectionsupport).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within ourTransfection Basics Support Center.

Why would the expression level of my gene in transiently transfected cells be greater than those that are stably transfected?

Expression in transiently transfected clones is typically higher because transiently transfected cells can have up to hundreds of copies of the plasmid containing the gene of interest. Stably transfected clones usually harbor 1-2 copies integrated into the genome, and hence have lower levels of expression. Sometimes, the lower expression level in stably transfected cells is due to adverse effects of the recombinant protein on the cell when expressed constitutively.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Why are my transfections not reproducible?

In general, transfection efficiency will show some degree of variability between transfection experiments and among replicates in the same transfection experiment. For better reproducibility, keep all transfection parameters, such as cell confluency, passage number, and phase of growth, consistent between transfections. If possible, thaw fresh cells. We recommend preparing one master mix of the DNA/lipid complexes for the number of transfections planned to reduce multiple pipetting errors. When adding your complexes, we recommend changing tips between wells since re-used tips could bring carryover, especially for the 96- or 384-well format with small-volume formats. To further minimize the effects of transfection variability on data analysis, consider co-transfecting an internal normalization reference control such as beta-galactosidase or luciferase with the expression plasmid. Below are possible reasons for why your transfection results are not reproducible, along with suggested solutions:

1. Possible Cause: Cells have changed over time, or splitting conditions have changed
   Suggested Solution: If transfection performance suddenly declines, it may be because of the cells. We recommend splitting and plating cells on a consistent schedule and in a manner where the cells are never too sparse or too dense. Excessive passaging also decreases transfection performance. If this is the case, start a new vial of cells from liquid nitrogen.
2. Possible Cause: Transfections performed at different cell confluencies, or at different DNA:transfection reagent ratios
   Suggested Solution: Transfection performance reproducibility is dependent on day-to-day consistency in cell splitting, plating and transfecting with a consistent protocol (same DNA:transfection reagent ratios). Different DNA preparations or media changes may also change transfection performance.

I am working with well sizes different from those specified in your protocol. How do I scale up or scale down my transfection reaction?

Each of our transfection reagent protocols provides a table for scaling up or down transfections. Please consult the specific manual for details. For well or plates sizes not listed in the scaling table, calculate the total surface area and estimate the -fold difference from the 24-well. Use this -fold difference to adjust for reagent volumes, payload quantities, and seeding densities.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can I use the same amount of any transfection reagent for different cell lines?

No.The transfection efficiency is highly dependent on the amount of reagent used per well and may be different between reagents. Please consult the product information that is provided with the transfection reagent for optimal use.

The protocol that is supplied with the product will provide you with an optimal range of transfection reagent to use per well. During product development, this range was determined to work well across a variety of cell lines. If you are still not achieving the performance you desire in your particular cell line, further optimization may be necessary. Please review our helpful troubleshooting tips: https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html. For additional troubleshooting tips, please visit our Transfection Support Center (thermofisher.com/transfectionsupport)

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Are cell density (% confluency) and passage number important considerations for transfection?

Yes, cell density is an important parameter in influencing transfection efficiency. If the seeding density is too low, some cytoxicity may be observed. If the cell density is high, lower than expected transfection efficiency may be observed. Both issues may be easily resolved by either descreasing or increasing the quantity of complexes added to the culture. We recommend using Lipofectamine 3000 since it shows the best flexibility for variable seeding density without showing cytotoxicity issues and maintains high protein expression. Lipofectamine 3000, Lipofectamine 2000, and Lipofectamine LTX/PLUS provide excellent transfection efficiencies at confluencies between 70 and 90%. Some toxicity may be observed at lower confluencies but may be alleviated by decreasing quantity of complexes or removing the complexes after 4-6 hours incubation and refreshing the media. Lipofectamine RNAiMAX works best at confluencies between 60 and 80%.

Passage number may affect transfection experiments. We recommend consistent splitting and plating of cells. Excessive numbers of passages may decrease transfection performance. We do not recommend splitting cells for more than 20-30 passages. If transfection performance declines and cells have been in culture for a long time or excessively/improperly passaged, we recommend that you restart your cultures with a new vial of cells from liquid nitrogen. Please refer to the Gibco Cell Culture Basics handbook (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/references/gibco-cell-culture-basics.html) for proper guidelines for culturing and passaging cells.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What recommendations do you have for selecting a transfection reagent?

Choose the best reagent by cell type and application by using the Transfection reagent selection guide (http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What are the different methods available for transfection?

There are many transfection methods available to deliver plasmids, DNA fragments, oligos, siRNAs, mRNA, or proteins for a wide range of research and drug discovery applications. A review of the pros and cons of each technique is provided here (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/gene-delivery-selection-guide.html).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can Lipofectamine LTX be used in RNAi experiments?

Lipofectamine LTX performs well with vector-based RNAi experiments since you are transfecting DNA. But for direct transfection of RNA molecules like siRNA and Stealth RNAi negative control transfections, we recommend Lipofectamine RNAiMAX.

Which lipid transfection reagent do you recommend for my cell line?

The best transfecting agent and efficiency would depend on the particular cell line you have. Please visit our online selection tools to see our recommendation for your specific cell line. If your cell line is not on the list, we recommend you try Lipofectamine LTX (Cat. No. 15338100) or Lipofectamine 2000 (Cat. No. 11668019) for plasmid transfection, and Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Cat. No. 13778150) for siRNA transfection. For primary cells, Lipofectamine LTX with PLUS reagent (Cat. No. 15338100 and Cat. No. 11514-015) is generally the best choice for plasmid transfection. For some hard-to-transfect cells, like suspension cells and stem cells, the Neon electroporation system (Cat. No. MPK5000) usually works better compared to lipid transfection reagent.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Are lipid transfection reagents fluorescent?

The intrinsic fluorescence of Lipofectamine 2000 and Lipofectamine under FITC conditions was examined and the results were as follows:
- Lipofectamine 2000 in serum-free conditions (with or without DNA) - weak whitish fluorescence.
- Lipofectamine 2000 in serum-containing conditions (with or without DNA) - medium white and red fluorescence.
- Lipofectamine & Lipofectamine PLUS (with or without DNA) - orange fluorescence.
- We haven't seen any significant green fluorescence attributable to the Lipofectamine.

These observations were made after transfection of CHO-K1 cells and by examining the live cells in PBS. Other lipid transfection reagents were not studied extensively on this issue, but it is very likely they will produce fluorescence in transfected cells.

Fluorescence from various media components may be where the problem lies. For example, riboflavin apparently fluoresces in the green wavelength and thus DMEM, which has a high riboflavin content, can be problematic in fluorescence experiments. Ham's F12 medium is 10x lower in riboflavin and is more suitable for fluorescence work.

One possible solution is to perform fluorescence imaging in PBS, rather than in culture medium. Also, check to make sure the cells are healthy and intact. Lysed cells or cells under stress may generate autofluorescent products.


Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What lipid does Invitrogen recommend for RNAi applications?

We currently recommend Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, which is specifically developed for siRNA transfection. It provides the following advantages:
- High transfection efficiencies in many cell types to minimize background expression from untransfected cells and maximize knockdown.
- Minimal cytotoxicity to reduce non-specific effects and cellular stress.
- Generally requires low concentrations of RNAi duplexes to obtain high knockdown levels, further minimizing non-specific effects.
- A broad peak of optimal transfection activity with minimal cytotoxicity, allowing achievement of high knockdown levels despite differences in cell density, minor pipetting inaccuracies, and other variations.

Is my lipid (Lipofectin, Lipofectamine, DMRIE-C, Lipofectamine 2000, Oligofectamine, Cellfectin II) supposed to be cloudy?

It is normal to see some turbidity and cloudiness in DMRIE-C, Cellfectin II and Lipofectamine 2000, and the others should be clear. Lipid transfection reagents are sensitive to low temperature; if you put them at temperature below 4 °C they will precipitate or even freeze and lower the efficiency. Most lipids will go cloudy and precipitate upon freezing, and may not be active anymore.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Why do I see precipitates on the cells after transfection?

A small granular-like precipitate may be detected microscopically on the cells after transfection using cationic lipid. This is normal. The presence or absence of this precipitate is not indicative of the transfection efficiency. The precipitate can be caused by presence of excess EDTA or cationic lipid. Use DNA in water or, if in TE, use EDTA concentrations of <0.3 mM in the diluted DNA. Ensure concentrations of cationic lipid reagents do not exceed recommended amounts in complex formation.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

How can I improve transfection efficiency with cationic lipids?

1. Select the cationic lipid reagent that is likely to result in highest transfection efficiency for your cell type. Please refer to the Transfection Reagent Selection Guide (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-reagent-application-table.html) to make the right choice.
2. Optimize the cationic lipid reagent and DNA amounts. The most important parameter after the condition of the cells is the ratio of lipid to DNA.
3. Do not use serum during complex formation. Serum may contain components that could interfere with complex formation. We recommend using Opti-MEM I Reduced-Serum Medium for optimal complex formation. However, serum-free DMEM or serum-free RPMI 1640 Medium can be used, keeping in mind that the efficiency of complex formation may not be as high as with Opti-MEM I Reduced-Serum Medium.
4. Do not use antibiotics, EDTA, citrate, phosphate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dextran sulfate, or other sulfated proteoglycans in the medium used to prepare the DNA-cationic lipid reagent complexes.
5. Cell density should be from 50% to 80% confluency at the time of transfection (for Lipofectamine 2000, we recommend >90% confluency). Cells should be in the mid-log growth phase. For better consistency of results between transfection experiments, it would be best to accurately count your cells with a hemocytometer or with the Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter (Cat. No. AMQAF1000).
6. Make sure the promoter-enhancer of the transfected DNA is compatible with the target cell type.
7. Do not use cationic lipid reagent that has been frozen or stored in a section of the refrigerator where the temperature is below 4 degrees C.
8. Include a positive control for the transfection assay (for example, Cat. No. A14146 for plasmid DNA transfection and Cat. No. 14750100 for siRNA transfection).

Also, please take a look at the tips outlined here (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/transfection/transfection-support/troubleshooting-transfection-experiments.html).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Is the passage number of my cells important to consider when doing transfection?

In general, once optimal transfection conditions are determined for a given cell line, it is recommended that cells be passaged less than 20 times to maintain reproducible results. Thus immediately following the determination of optimal conditions, cells should be frozen down so that when the working stock approaches 20 passages, a new batch can be started from the frozen stock.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Do I really need to include a control when doing siRNA transfection?

It is absolutely critical to have a control oligonucleotide to be able to determine any non-specific effects. This oligonucleotide can be a “scrambled” oligonucleotide (same length and base composition in a random order) or a “sense” oligonucleotide if the target is mRNA.

How do I scale up or down my transfection reaction?

The number of cells, DNA, lipid, and medium volumes should be scaled up proportionately to the surface area of the plate. For commonly used culture vessels, please refer to the information below regarding actual area and area relative to a 24-well plate well.

Vessel type, Area (cm2), Area Relative to 24-well
96-well, 0.3 cm2, 0.2
48-well, 0.7cm2, 0.4
24-well, 2 cm2, 1
12-well, 4 cm2, 2
6-well, 10 cm2, 5
35 mm, 10 cm2, 5
60 mm, 20 cm2, 10
100 mm, 60 cm2, 30
150 mm, 140 cm2, 70
T25, 25 cm2, 12.5
T75, 75 cm2, 37.5
T150, 150 cm2, 75
T162, 162 cm2, 81
T165, 165 cm2, 82.5
40-50 ml, 25 cm2, 12.5
250-300 ml, 75 cm2, 37.5
650-750 ml, 162-175 cm2, 81-87.5
900 ml, 225 cm2, 112.5


Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

How do cationic lipids compare with calcium phosphate in transfection efficiency?

For many cell types, higher efficiencies are observed with cationic lipids than with calcium phosphate. Also, cationic lipid data are more reproducible from experiment to experiment. Calcium phosphate is inexpensive however, but pH variation as little as 0.2 can reduce transfection efficiency significantly.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Can lipid reagents be used to cotransfect plasmids?

Yes. The standard transfection protocol may be followed by keeping the total amount of DNA in the mixture constant. That is, if your protocol requires 1 ug plasmid, use 0.5 ug of each of two cotransfecting plasmids, or 0.25 ug of each of 4, etc. When performing cotransfections to introduce a selectable marker on a different plasmid, we recommend using a 3:1 to 10:1 molar excess of the plasmid of interest over the selectable plasmid to ensure that the plasmid of interest is present with the selectable plasmid.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What is the shelf life of the lipid transfection reagents?

Stored at 4°C in a sealed container, the lipids are stable for 12 months. Do not freeze the lipids. At 4°C with long term storage, due to evaporation concentration of lipid may vary, please briefly spin the contents before use. Add less lipid if you start noticing toxicity.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What types of molecules can be transfected with cationic lipid reagents?

Lipid reagents can be used to transfect DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides and siRNA. The DNA can be plasmids, cosmids, or even YAC clones up to 600 kb. Lipofectin and Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent have also been used to transfect cells with proteins (Beta galactosidase and T3 polymerase).

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Does the method of generating lipid-DNA complex affect transfection efficiency?

YES. Please follow the recommended procedure for each one of the reagents, found in the product manual.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

I have optimized my conditions for a particular cell line but I seem to be getting inconsistent results with my transfection. What factors contribute to this inconsistency?

Cells from a different passage number may behave differently. Also, if cells were sitting at confluence prior to plating for transfection, they may not transfect efficiently. To minimize such inconsistencies, passage the cells while they are still growing exponentially. Actively dividing cells transfect better.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What kind of tubes can I use to form DNA:lipid complexes?

Polypropylene, polystyrene, or glass tubes may be used with any of our transfection products.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

Are there any guidelines for choosing a lipid transfection reagent?

It is best to optimize for your cells and application. Here are some basic guidelines:

- Lipofectamine LTX and PLUS Reagent: Minimal optimization, excellent efficiency with adherent eukaryotic cells DNA, difficult cell lines
- Lipofectamine Reagent: Adherent eukaryotic cells, DNA, oligonucleotides
- Lipofectin Reagent: Transfecting DNA in eukaryotic cell
- Cellfectin II: Insect cells
- DMRIE-C Reagent: DNA, RNA, suspension cells
- Oligofectamine: Oligonucleotides
- Lipofectamine RNAiMAX: siRNA, pre-miR, miRNA, anti-miR

NOTE: Please also visit our online Transfection Selection Tool to get specific recommendation for your cell line


Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

The Lipofectamin RNAiMAX reagent protocol recommends starting with 10 nM of siRNA, but it seems like the protocol results in a final concentration of 100 nM. Can you clarify the protocol concentrations?

Referring to the Lipofectamin RNAiMAX Reagent Protocol: The final concentration would be 10 nM, since the 250 µL transfection mixture should be added to a well that already contains 2.25 mL of cell culture media. This would result in a final volume of 2.5 mL. The mixture is diluted 10 times and the final concentration is 10 nM.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.

What products do you recommend for use with Silencer Select Pre-Designed siRNA (Cat. No. 4390824)?

We recommend using a positive and negative control with Silencer Select siRNAs (Cat. No. 4390824).

We offer the following Silencer Select Controls for use with Silencer Select siRNAs:

Silencer Select Negative Control No. 1 siRNA (Cat. Nos. 4390843, 4390844)

Silencer Select GAPDH Positive Control siRNA (Cat. Nos. 4390849, 4390850)

For the transfection of the Silencer Select siRNAs we recommend the use of Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent (Cat. Nos. 13778030, 13778075, 13778100, 13778150)

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our RNAi Support Center.

Can I use the BLOCK-iT Fluorescent Oligo, for lipid transfection (Cat. No. 2013) to assess transfection efficiency with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent (Cat. No. 13778100)?

Can I use Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent if I accidentally froze it at -20 degrees C?

No, freezing may affect its performance. Lipofectamine RNAiMAX should only be stored at 4 degrees C.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Transfection Support Center.