'Hypoxia is a common environmental stress that influences signaling pathways and cell function. Several cell types, including neuroendocrine chromaffin cells, have evolved to sense oxygen levels and initiate specific adaptive responses to hypoxia. Here we report that under hypoxic conditions, rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells are resistant to apoptosis induced by ... More
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta is activated by cAMP and plays an active role in the regulation of melanogenesis.
In human and mouse, cAMP plays a key role in the control of pigmentation. cAMP, through the activation of protein kinase A, increases the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which in turn stimulates tyrosinase gene expression, to allow melanin synthesis. Beyond this simplified scheme, cAMP inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), ... More