Double strand breaks and cell-cycle arrest induced by the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in HepG2 cells.
AuthorsAlja Š, Filipic M, Novak M, Žegura B,
Journal
PubMed ID23966038
'The newly emerging cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is increasingly found in surface freshwaters, worldwide. It poses a potential threat to humans after chronic exposure as it was shown to be genotoxic in a range of test systems and is potentially carcinogenic. However, the mechanisms of CYN toxicity and genotoxicity are ... More
Acidic extracellular pH promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition in Lewis lung carcinoma model.
AuthorsSuzuki A, Maeda T, Baba Y, Shimamura K, Kato Y,
Journal
PubMed ID25493076
'Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be an essential feature of malignant tumor cells when they spread into the stroma. Despite the extracellular acidity of tumor tissues, the effect of acidic extracellular pH (pH e ) on EMT in carcinoma models, including the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model, remains ... More
microRNA-320/RUNX2 axis regulates adipocytic differentiation of human mesenchymal (skeletal) stem cells.
AuthorsHamam D, Ali D, Vishnubalaji R, Hamam R, Al-Nbaheen M, Chen L, Kassem M, Aldahmash A, Alajez NM,
Journal
PubMed ID25356868
'The molecular mechanisms promoting lineage-specific commitment of human mesenchymal (skeletal or stromal) stem cells (hMSCs) into adipocytes (ADs) are not fully understood. Thus, we performed global microRNA (miRNA) and gene expression profiling during adipocytic differentiation of hMSC, and utilized bioinformatics as well as functional and biochemical assays, and identified several ... More
The role of N -glycans of HIV-1 gp41 in virus infectivity and susceptibility to the suppressive effects of carbohydrate-binding agents.
AuthorsMathys L, Balzarini J,
Journal
PubMed ID25499264
'BackgroundCarbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) are potent antiretroviral compounds that target the N-glycans on the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. The development of phenotypic resistance to CBAs by the virus is accompanied by the deletion of multiple N-linked glycans of the surface envelope glycoprotein gp120. Recently, also an N-glycan on the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein ... More
CYP341B14: a cytochrome P450 involved in the specific epoxidation of pheromone precursors in the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea.
AuthorsRong Y, Fujii T, Katsuma S, Yamamoto M, Ando T, Ishikawa Y,
Journal
PubMed ID25263764
'Two of the four sex pheromone components in the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-3,6-henicosadiene and cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-1,3,6-henicosatriene, possess an epoxy ring within their molecules. These compounds have been suggested to be biosynthesized from dietary linolenic acid via the following enzymatic reactions; chain elongation, terminal desaturation (in the case of ... More
Anti-photoaging capability of antioxidant extract from Camellia japonica leaf.
AuthorsMizutani T, Masaki H,
Journal
PubMed ID25234832
'It is well known that the Camellia japonica leaf exhibits antioxidant activity because of its high content of polyphenolic compounds. Thus, the extract prepared from mature leaves of C. japonica (CJML) has been widely used as an anti-ageing material in foods and cosmetics. Concerning the process of growing C. japonica, it is ... More
Bacterial cellulose/acrylamide pH-sensitive smart hydrogel: development, characterization, and toxicity studies in ICR mice model.
AuthorsPandey M, Mohamad N, Amin MC,
Journal
PubMed ID25157890
'The objective of this study is to synthesize and evaluate acute toxicity of the bacterial cellulose (BC)/acrylamide (Am) hydrogels as noncytotoxic and biocompatible oral drug delivery vehicles. A novel series of solubilized BC/Am hydrogels were synthesized using a microwave irradiation method. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ... More
Translocation of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß), a trigger of permeability transition, is kinase activity-dependent and mediated by interaction with voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2).
AuthorsTanno M, Kuno A, Ishikawa S, Miki T, Kouzu H, Yano T, Murase H, Tobisawa T, Ogasawara M, Horio Y, Miura T,
Journal
PubMed ID25187518
'Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) is a major positive regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), a principle trigger of cell death, under the condition of oxidative stress. However, the mechanism by which cytosolic GSK-3ß translocates to mitochondria, promoting mPTP opening, remains unclear. Here we addressed this issue by analyses ... More
Expression profiling and functional implications of a set of zinc finger proteins, ZNF423, ZNF470, ZNF521, and ZNF780B, in primary osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes.
AuthorsMesuraca M, Galasso O, Guido L, Chiarella E, Scicchitano S, Vatrinet R, Morrone G, Bond HM, Gasparini G,
Journal
PubMed ID24976683
'Articular chondrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of healthy articulations; indeed, dysregulation of their functions, including the production of matrix proteins and matrix-remodeling proteases, may result in fraying of the tissue and development of osteoarthritis (OA). To explore transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of chondrocyte homeostasis and may ... More
Targeting of beta adrenergic receptors results in therapeutic efficacy against models of hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma.
'Therapeutic targeting of the beta-adrenergic receptors has recently shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of benign vascular tumors such as infantile hemangiomas. As infantile hemangiomas are reported to express high levels of beta adrenergic receptors, we examined the expression of these receptors on more aggressive vascular tumors such as hemangioendotheliomas ... More
Enhancing cubosome functionality by coating with a single layer of poly-e-lysine.
AuthorsDeshpande S, Venugopal E, Ramagiri S, Bellare JR, Kumaraswamy G, Singh N,
Journal
PubMed ID25184793
We report the preparation and characterization of monoolein cubosomes that can be easily surface modified through adsorption of a single layer of cationic poly-e-lysine. Poly-e-lysine coated cubosomes show remarkable stability in serum solution, are nontoxic and, are readily internalized by HeLa cells. The poly-e-lysine coating provides chemical handles for further ... More
A proteomic view to characterize the effect of chitosan nanoparticle to hepatic cells: is chitosan nanoparticle an enhancer of PI3K/AKT1/mTOR pathway?
AuthorsYang MH, Yuan SS, Huang YF, Lin PC, Lu CY, Chung TW, Tyan YC,
Journal
PubMed ID24757677
Chitosan nanoparticle, a biocompatible material, was used as a potential drug delivery system widely. Our current investigation studies were the bioeffects of the chitosan nanoparticle uptake by liver cells. In this experiment, the characterizations of chitosan nanoparticles were measured by transmission electron microscopy and particle size analyzer. The average size ... More
Analysis of the RNA content of the exosomes derived from blood serum and urine and its potential as biomarkers.
AuthorsLi M, Zeringer E, Barta T, Schageman J, Cheng A, Vlassov AV,
Journal
PubMed ID25135963
Exosomes are tiny vesicles (30-150 nm) constantly secreted by all healthy and abnormal cells, and found in abundance in all body fluids. These vesicles, loaded with unique RNA and protein cargo, have a wide range of biological functions, including cell-to-cell communication and signalling. As such, exosomes hold tremendous potential as ... More
4'-Demethyl-deoxypodophyllotoxin glucoside isolated from Podophyllum hexandrum exhibits potential anticancer activities by altering Chk-2 signaling pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
AuthorsZilla MK, Nayak D, Amin H, Nalli Y, Rah B, Chakraborty S, Kitchlu S, Goswami A, Ali A,
Journal
PubMed ID25446499
We investigated the root of Podophyllum hexandrum as a potential source of lead bioactive metabolites with anticancer activity. The present study led to the isolation of six known aryltetralin-type lignans designated as 4'-demethyl-deoxypodophyllotoxin (1), podophyllotoxin (2), 4'-demethyl-podophyllotoxin (3), podophyllotoxin-4-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (4), 4'-demethyl-deoxypodophyllotoxin-4-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (5), 4'-demethyl-podophyllotoxin-4-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (6), along with three known flavones Kaempferol ... More
In vitro hemocompatibility and toxic mechanism of graphene oxide on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and serum albumin.
AuthorsDing Z, Zhang Z, Ma H, Chen Y,
Journal
PubMed ID25371999
Graphene oxide (GO) has shown tremendous application potential as a biomedical material. However, its interactions with blood components are not yet well understood. In this work, we assess the toxicity of pristine GO (p-GO) and functionalized GO (GO-COOH and GO-PEI) to primary human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and human serum ... More
The effect of gestational diabetes on proliferation capacity and viability of human umbilical cord-derived stromal cells.
AuthorsWajid N, Naseem R, Anwar SS, Awan SJ, Ali M, Javed S, Ali F,
Journal
PubMed ID25407535
Stomal cells derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord (WJMSCs) are considered as the potential therapeutic agents for regeneration and are getting famous for stem cell banking. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of gestational diabetes on proliferation capacity and viability of WJMSCs. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated ... More
Paclitaxel in combination with cetuximab exerts antitumor effect by suppressing NF-?B activity in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.
AuthorsHarada K, Ferdous T, Kobayashi H, Ueyama Y,
Journal
PubMed ID25230791
In the present study, we examined the antitumor effect of paclitaxel (PTX) in combination with cetuximab in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the mechanism of its enhanced antitumor activity. Treatment of OSCC (HSC2, HSC3 and HSC4) cells with PTX (0.02 µg/ml) and cetuximab (1 µg/ml) combination resulted in a ... More
Functional regeneration of supraspinal connections in a patient with transected spinal cord following transplantation of bulbar olfactory ensheathing cells with peripheral nerve bridging.
AuthorsTabakow P, Raisman G, Fortuna W, Czyz M, Huber J, Li D, Szewczyk P, Okurowski S, Miedzybrodzki R, Czapiga B, Salomon B, Halon A, Li Y, Lipiec J, Kulczyk A, Jarmundowicz W,
Journal
PubMed ID25338642
Treatment of patients sustaining a complete spinal cord injury remains an unsolved clinical problem because of the lack of spontaneous regeneration of injured central axons. A 38-year-old man sustained traumatic transection of the thoracic spinal cord at upper vertebral level Th9. At 21 months after injury, the patient presented symptoms ... More
Effect of surface modification and macrophage phenotype on particle internalization.
AuthorsWang D, Phan N, Isely C, Bruene L, Bratlie KM,
Journal
PubMed ID25268218
Material properties play a key role in the cellular internalization of polymeric particles. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of material characteristics such as water contact angle, zeta potential, melting temperature, and alternative activation of complement on particle internalization for pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and naïve macrophages by using ... More
Biocompatible and mucoadhesive bacterial cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels for oral protein delivery.
AuthorsAhmad N, Amin MC, Mahali SM, Ismail I, Chuang VT,
Journal
PubMed ID25252107
Stimuli-responsive bacterial cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were investigated for their potential use as an oral delivery system for proteins. These hydrogels were synthesized using electron beam irradiation without any cross-linking agents, thereby eliminating any potential toxic effects associated with cross-linkers. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model protein drug, was loaded into ... More
Clozapine induces chloride channel-4 expression through PKA activation and modulates CDK5 expression in SH-SY5Y and U87 cells.
AuthorsJeon S, Kim Y, Chung IW, Kim YS,
Journal
PubMed ID25246152
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine, were reported to enhance neurite outgrowth by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells. The authors previously showed that chloride channel 4 (CLC-4) is responsible for nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells. In this study, we examined whether clozapine induces CLC-4 in neuroblastoma ... More
Accelerated recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential by GSK-3ß inactivation affords cardiomyocytes protection from oxidant-induced necrosis.
AuthorsSunaga D, Tanno M, Kuno A, Ishikawa S, Ogasawara M, Yano T, Miki T, Miura T,
Journal
PubMed ID25390651
Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (??m) is known to be closely linked to cell death by various insults. However, whether acceleration of the ??m recovery process prevents cell necrosis remains unclear. Here we examined the hypothesis that facilitated recovery of ??m contributes to cytoprotection afforded by activation of the mitochondrial ... More
The Ang-(1-7)/Mas-1 axis attenuates the expression and signalling of TGF-ß1 induced by AngII in mouse skeletal muscle.
AuthorsMorales MG, Abrigo J, Meneses C, Simon F, Cisternas F, Rivera JC, Vazquez Y, Cabello-Verrugio C,
Journal
PubMed ID24588264
AngII (angiotensin II) induces pathological conditions such as fibrosis in skeletal muscle. In this process, AngII increases ROS (reactive oxygen species) and induces a biphasic phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). In addition, AngII stimulates the expression and production of TGF (transforming growth factor)-ß1 via a mechanism dependent on ... More
'Green' biocompatible organic-inorganic hybrid electrospun nanofibers for potential biomedical applications.
Gold nanoparticles were prepared by green route using Couroupita guianensis leaves extract. The green synthesized gold nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance at 526?nm in the ultraviolet spectrum. By incorporating the green synthesized gold nanoparticles in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, unique green organic-inorganic hybrid nanofibers (poly (vinyl alcohol : )-gold nanoparticles) were developed ... More
The mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator, CDPPB, ameliorates pathology and phenotypic signs of a mouse model of Huntington's disease.
AuthorsDoria JG, de Souza JM, Andrade JN, Rodrigues HA, Guimaraes IM, Carvalho TG, Guatimosim C, Dobransky T, Ribeiro FM,
Journal
PubMed ID25160573
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the amino-terminal region of the huntingtin protein (htt), leading to motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, psychiatric alterations, and death. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been implicated in HD and we have recently demonstrated that mGluR5 ... More
Pdx1 (GFP/w) mice for isolation, characterization, and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells.
AuthorsWilliams MD, Wong W, Rixon A, Satoor SN, Hardikar AA, Joglekar MV,
Journal
PubMed ID25064109
It is well known that human cells are diverse with respect to their epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome. In the context of regenerative medicine, it is important for the transplanted cells or tissues to faithfully recapitulate their intended tissue type in each of these respects. Whether the cells chosen for such ... More
Nanoscale Diblock copolymer micelles: characterizations and estimation of the effective diffusion coefficients of biomolecules release through cylindrical diffusion model.
AuthorsAmjad MW, Mohd Amin MC, Mahali SM, Katas H, Ismail I, Hassan MN, Chuang VT,
Journal
PubMed ID25133390
Biomolecules have been widely investigated as potential therapeutics for various diseases. However their use is limited due to rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake in vitro and in vivo. To address this issue, we synthesized a new nano-carrier system comprising of cholic acid-polyethylenimine (CA-PEI) copolymer micelles, via carbodiimide-mediated coupling for ... More
Cell stress induces upregulation of osteopontin via the ERK pathway in type II alveolar epithelial cells.
AuthorsKato A, Okura T, Hamada C, Miyoshi S, Katayama H, Higaki J, Ito R,
Journal
PubMed ID24963635
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, migration and tissue fibrosis. In human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and murine bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, OPN is upregulated in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II). However, the mechanism of OPN induction in AEC II is not ... More
A cancer-specific monoclonal antibody recognizes the aberrantly glycosylated podoplanin.
AuthorsKato Y, Kaneko MK,
Journal
PubMed ID25080943
Podoplanin (PDPN/Aggrus/T1a), a platelet aggregation-inducing mucin-like sialoglycoprotein, is highly expressed in many cancers and normal tissues. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb; NZ-1) can block the association between podoplanin and C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) and inhibit podoplanin-induced cancer metastasis, but NZ-1 reacts with podoplanin-expressing normal cells such as lymphatic endothelial cells. ... More
Characterization of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Inhibitor.
AuthorsTiong-Yip CL, Aschenbrenner L, Johnson KD, McLaughlin RE, Fan J, Challa S, Xiong H, Yu Q,
Journal
PubMed ID24777090
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) L protein is a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that contains multiple enzyme activities required for RSV replication. The RSV L inhibitors described in literature are limited by their cytotoxicity or the lack of RSV B subtype coverage. Here, we characterize a new RSV L inhibitor ... More
Expression of T-cell KV1.3 potassium channel correlates with pro-inflammatory cytokines and disease activity in ulcerative colitis.
Potassium channels, KV1.3 and KCa3.1, have been suggested to control T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production and may thus constitute targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by excessive T-cell infiltration and cytokine production. It is unknown if KV1.3 and KCa3.1 in the ... More
Flow cytometry and sorting in Arabidopsis.
AuthorsGalbraith DW,
Journal
PubMed ID24057384
Flow cytometry, and the accompanying technology of cell sorting, represents an established and valuable experimental platform for the analysis of cellular populations. Applications involving higher plants, which started to emerge around 30 years ago, are now widely employed both to provide unique information regarding fundamental questions in basic and applied ... More
In vivo imaging of trypanosomes for a better assessment of host-parasite relationships and drug efficacy.
The advances in microscopy combined to the invaluable progress carried by the utilization of molecular, immunological or immunochemical markers and the implementation of more powerful imaging technologies have yielded great improvements to the knowledge of the interaction between microorganisms and their hosts, notably a better understanding of the establishment of ... More
Isophilippinolide A arrests cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis for anticancer inhibitory agents in human melanoma cells.
AuthorsWang HM, Chen CY, Wu PF,
Journal
PubMed ID24359513
Three new butanolides, isophilippinolide A, philippinolide A, and philippinolide B, and an amide, cinnaretamine, were isolated from the roots of Cinnamomum philippinense to be identified by spectroscopic analysis. Four isolated compounds were screened to examine their radical-scavenging ability, metal-chelating power, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Cinnaretamine showed powerful antioxidative ... More
The mechanisms by which pardaxin, a natural cationic antimicrobial peptide, targets the endoplasmic reticulum and induces c-FOS.
Pardaxin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from Red Sea Moses sole. Previous studies have shown that pardaxin selectively triggers the death of cancer cells, initiating the development of a pardaxin-based cancer vaccine; however, the underlying mechanism by which pardaxin kills cancer cells has not yet been elucidated. Here, we ... More
Characterization of silk fibroin modified surface: a proteomic view of cellular response proteins induced by biomaterials.
AuthorsYang MH, Yuan SS, Chung TW, Jong SB, Lu CY, Tsai WC, Chen WC, Lin PC, Chiang PW, Tyan YC,
Journal
PubMed ID24818131
The purpose of this study was to develop the pathway of silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer surface induced cell membrane protein activation. Fibroblasts were used as an experimental model to evaluate the responses of cellular proteins induced by biopolymer material using a mass spectrometry-based profiling system. The surface was covered by ... More
(-)-O-Methylcubebin from Vitex trifolia Enhanced Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells via the Inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK Phosphorylation.
AuthorsUkiya M, Sato D, Kimura H, Koketsu M, Phay N, Nishina A,
JournalMolecules
PubMed ID31878261
In this study, for the purpose of elucidation for antidiabetic components, we isolated and identified compounds that could become lead compounds for the development of antidiabetic agents from the herbal medicine Vitex trifolia, which is used for liver protection in Myanmar. Three kinds of lignan, (-)-O-methylcubebin (MC), (-)-hinokinin, and (-)-cubebin, ... More
Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Delays M-Phase Progression and Synergizes with Aurora B Inhibition to Suppress Cell Proliferation.
AuthorsYamagishi A, Ikeda Y, Ikeuchi M, Yuki R, Saito Y, Nakayama Y,
JournalInt J Mol Sci
PubMed ID32033461
The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a receptor-type tyrosine kinase that transduces signals related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. IGF1R expression is often misregulated in tumor cells, but the relevance of this for cancer progression remains unclear. Here, we examined the impact of IGF1R inhibition on cell ... More
AuthorsWadhwa H, Ismail S, McGhee JJ, Van der Werf B, Sherwin T,
JournalWorld J Stem Cells
PubMed ID32110274
Keratoconus is a degenerative corneal disease characterised by aberrant cell behaviour and loss of matrix that can result in vision loss. Cells extracted from peripheral corneas can form stem cell-enriched spheres, which have shown the potential to repopulate the normal peripheral corneal stroma in vitro upon sphere implantation but have ... More
Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1 improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via Nrf2 activation mediated improvement in oxidative stress and mitochondrial function.
AuthorsUpadhyay KK, Jadeja RN, Vyas HS, Pandya B, Joshi A, Vohra A, Thounaojam MC, Martin PM, Bartoli M, Devkar RV,
JournalRedox Biol
PubMed ID31514051
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated signaling plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis of hepatic cells. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1 (CORM-A1) has been reported to stimulate up-regulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in hepatocytes. However, the role of CORM-A1 in improving lipid metabolism, antioxidant signaling and ... More
Establishment and Characterization of Paired Primary Cultures of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Stellate Cells Derived from the Same Tumor.
AuthorsAmrutkar M, Larsen EK, Aasrum M, Finstadsveen AV, Andresen PA, Verbeke CS, Gladhaug IP,
JournalCells
PubMed ID31963309
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis, and its treatment remains a challenge. As the existing in vitro experimental models offer only a limited resemblance to human PDAC, there is a strong need for additional research tools to better understand PDAC tumor biology, particularly the impact ... More
Cell Stress Induced Stressome Release Including Damaged Membrane Vesicles and Extracellular HSP90 by Prostate Cancer Cells.
AuthorsEguchi T, Sogawa C, Ono K, Matsumoto M, Tran MT, Okusha Y, Lang BJ, Okamoto K, Calderwood SK,
JournalCells
PubMed ID32204513
Tumor cells exhibit therapeutic stress resistance-associated secretory phenotype involving extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as oncosomes and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Such a secretory phenotype occurs in response to cell stress and cancer therapeutics. HSPs are stress-responsive molecular chaperones promoting proper protein folding, while also being released from cells with EVs ... More
Benefits of Combined All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells and Further Enhancement by Inhibition of Atypically Expressed Transglutaminase 2.
Randomized trials in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients have shown that treatment with a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) is superior in efficacy to monotherapy, with significantly decreased mortality. So far, there are little data available to explain the success of the ATRA and ATO combination ... More