Human serum biotinidase. cDNA cloning, sequence, and characterization.
AuthorsCole H, Reynolds TR, Lockyer JM, Buck GA, Denson T, Spence JE, Hymes J, Wolf B
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID7509806
Biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12) catalyzes the hydrolysis of biocytin, the product of biotin-dependent carboxylase degradation, to biotin and lysine. Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder of biotin recycling that is characterized by neurological and cutaneous abnormalities, and can be successfully treated with biotin supplementation. Sequences of tryptic peptides of the ... More
Purification of biotinidase from human plasma and its activity on biotinyl peptides.
AuthorsCraft DV, Goss NH, Chandramouli N, Wood HG
JournalBiochemistry
PubMed ID3925986
Biotinidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of N epsilon-biotinyllysine (biocytin) to form biotin and free lysine. The enzyme has been purified 4800-fold from outdated human plasma and was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to have a molecular weight of (76 +/- 2) X 10(3). The same molecular weight was found ... More
Deformation of network connectivity in the inferior olive of connexin 36-deficient mice is compensated by morphological and electrophysiological changes at the single neuron level.
AuthorsDe Zeeuw CI, Chorev E, Devor A, Manor Y, Van Der Giessen RS, De Jeu MT, Hoogenraad CC, Bijman J, Ruigrok TJ, French P, Jaarsma D, Kistler WM, Meier C, Petrasch-Parwez E, Dermietzel R, Sohl G, Gueldenagel M, Willecke K, Yarom Y
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID12805309
Compensatory mechanisms after genetic manipulations have been documented extensively for the nervous system. In many cases, these mechanisms involve genetic regulation at the transcription or expression level of existing isoforms. We report a novel mechanism by which single neurons compensate for changes in network connectivity by retuning their intrinsic electrical ... More
Structure and function of retinal ganglion cells innervating the cat's geniculate wing: an in vitro study.
AuthorsPu M, Berson DM, Pan T
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID8027783
'We have examined in vitro the morphology and visual response properties of retinal ganglion cells innervating a component of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus known as the geniculate wing (or retinorecipient zone of the pulvinar). Ganglion cells were first labeled in situ by retrograde transport of fluorescent microspheres from the ... More
Galanin-5-hydroxytryptamine interactions: electrophysiological, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies on rat dorsal raphe neurons with a note on galanin R1 and R2 receptors.
AuthorsXu ZQ, Zhang X, Pieribone VA, Grillner S, Hökfelt T
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID9722143
'Galaninergic mechanisms related to 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat were analysed using electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Galanin caused a dose-dependent hyperpolarization accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance in most 5-hydroxytryptamine-sensitive dorsal raphe neurons. The galanin-induced outward current reversed at about - 105 ... More
Using laser scanning confocal microscopy as a guide for electron microscopic study: a simple method for correlation of light and electron microscopy.
AuthorsSun XJ, Tolbert LP, Hildebrand JG
JournalJ Histochem Cytochem
PubMed ID7868862
'Anatomic study of synaptic connections in the nervous system is laborious and difficult, especially when neurons are large or have fine branches embedded among many other processes. Although electron microscopy provides a powerful tool for such study, the correlation of light microscopic appearance and electron microscopic detail is very time-consuming. ... More
Long aboral projections of Dogiel type II, AH neurons within the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig small intestine.
AuthorsBrookes SJ, Song ZM, Ramsay GA, Costa M
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7751962
'Enteric AH neurons, with multipolar Dogiel type II morphology, project around the circumference of the intestine to myenteric ganglia, the submucosa and mucosa. Using retrograde labeling in vitro, intracellular recording, dye filling and immunohistochemistry, the projections of these neurons along the intestine were studied. When the retrograde tracer, Dil, was ... More
Intracellular analysis in vivo of different barosensitive bulbospinal neurons in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.
AuthorsGranata AR, Kitai ST
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1729431
'Neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) with projections to the intermediolateral column (IML) in the spinal cord were electrophysiologically characterized and anatomically identified using an intracellular recording technique in vivo. A group of spontaneously active neurons was antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the IML in the thoracic ... More
Hippocampal CA1 interneurons: an in vivo intracellular labeling study.
AuthorsSik A, Penttonen M, Ylinen A, Buzsáki G
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7472426
'Fast spiking interneurons in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus were recorded from and filled with biocytin in anesthetized rats. The full extent of their dendrites and axonal arborizations as well as their calcium binding protein content were examined. Based on the spatial extent of axon collaterals, local circuit ... More
Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus.
AuthorsBergles DE, Roberts JD, Somogyi P, Jahr CE
JournalNature
PubMed ID10821275
'Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system occurs at specialized synaptic junctions between neurons, where a high concentration of glutamate directly activates receptor channels. Low-affinity AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate glutamate receptors are also expressed by some glial cells, including oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, the conditions ... More
Projection subtypes of rat neostriatal matrix cells revealed by intracellular injection of biocytin.
AuthorsKawaguchi Y, Wilson CJ, Emson PC
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1698947
'Individual neostriatal-matrix spiny neurons were stained intracellularly with biocytin after intracellular recording in vivo, and their axons were traced into the globus pallidus (GP), entopeduncular nucleus (EP), and/or substantia nigra (SN). The locations of the neurons within the matrix compartment of the neostriatum (NS) were established by immunocytochemical counterstaining of ... More
Retrograde transport of sodium selenite and intracellular injection of micro-ruby: a combined method to describe the morphology of zinc-rich neurones.
AuthorsMiró-Bernié N, Sancho-Bielsa FJ, López-García C, Pérez-Clausell J
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID12906949
'Zinc is found in synaptic vesicles in a large number of glutamatergic systems. Its involvement in neurotransmission and neurological disorders has been suggested. There are methods for tracing these circuits, but they do not fill the dendritic tree. In this study, extracellular selenite injections in vivo were combined with intracellular ... More
Role of the afterhyperpolarization in control of discharge properties of septal cholinergic neurons in vitro.
AuthorsGorelova N, Reiner PB
JournalJ Neurophysiol
PubMed ID8714645
'1. The properties of the cholinergic neurons of the rat medial septum and nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (MS/DBB) were studied using whole cell patch-clamp recordings in an in vitro slice preparation. 2. Both the transmitter phenotype and the intrinsic membrane properties of 56 MS/DBB neurons were determined ... More
Synaptic responses evoked by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa in morphologically characterized myenteric neurons of the guinea-pig ileum.
AuthorsBornstein JC, Furness JB, Smith TK, Trussell DC
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1846909
'Recordings were made from myenteric neurons of the guinea-pig ileum during reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa. Impaled neurons were injected with dye (Lucifer yellow or biocytin), and their shapes were determined. All neurons were 5-12 mm from the stimulus, a brush stroke that deformed the mucosal villi. ... More
Inhibition by opioids acting on mu-receptors of GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic potentials in single rat periaqueductal gray neurones in vitro.
AuthorsChieng B, Christie MJ
JournalBr J Pharmacol
PubMed ID7812626
'1. Membrane properties of rat periaqueductal gray neurones were investigated by use of intracellular recordings from single neurones in brain slices. Morphological properties and anatomical location of each impaled neurone were characterized by intracellular staining with biocytin. The present paper considers the properties of electrically-evoked and spontaneous postsynaptic potentials impinging ... More
Correlation of electrophysiology, morphology, and functions in corticotectal and corticopretectal projection neurons in rat visual cortex.
AuthorsRumberger A, Schmidt M, Lohmann H, Hoffmann KP
JournalExp Brain Res
PubMed ID9551838
'In most mammals the superior colliculus (SC) and the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) receive direct input from the ipsilateral visual cortex via projection neurons from infragranular layer V. We examined whether these projection neurons belong to different populations and, if so, whether it is possible to correlate ... More
Microcircuits of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse barrel cortex.
AuthorsAvermann M, Tomm C, Mateo C, Gerstner W, Petersen CC,
JournalJ Neurophysiol
PubMed ID22402650
'Synaptic interactions between nearby excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the neocortex are thought to play fundamental roles in sensory processing. Here, we have combined optogenetic stimulation, whole cell recordings, and computational modeling to define key functional microcircuits within layer 2/3 of mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex. In vitro optogenetic stimulation ... More
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids activate transglutaminases in situ and induce cornification of epidermal keratinocytes.
AuthorsLadd PA, Du L, Capdevila JH, Mernaugh R, Keeney DS
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID12840027
'The cytochrome P450 CYP2B19 is a keratinocyte-specific arachidonic acid epoxygenase expressed in the granular cell layer of mouse epidermis. In cultured keratinocytes, CYP2B19 mRNAs are up-regulated coordinately with those of profilaggrin, another granular cell-specific marker. We investigated effects of the CYP2B19 metabolites 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) on keratinocyte transglutaminase ... More
Biotin staining in the giant fiber systems of the lobster.
AuthorsMa PM
JournalJ Comp Neurol
PubMed ID7515403
'The avidin-biotin-complex method is a popular immunocytochemical technique. This method labels consistently a group of neurons in the lobster ventral nerve cord in the absence of primary antibodies. The specific staining is due to a relatively high level of endogenous biotin (or biocytin) in these neurons. These biotin-positive neurons are ... More
Physiological subgroups of nonpyramidal cells with specific morphological characteristics in layer II/III of rat frontal cortex.
AuthorsKawaguchi Y
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7722619
'Physiological and morphological properties of nonpyramidal cells in layer II/III of frontal cortex of young rats were studied in vitro by whole-cell recording and intracellular staining with biocytin. Layer II/III nonpyramidal cells could be divided into four subgroups by their firing patterns in response to depolarizing current pulses and their ... More
Noradrenaline hyperpolarizes identified rat mesopontine cholinergic neurons in vitro.
AuthorsWilliams JA, Reiner PB
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID8103553
'Inhibition of brainstem cholinergic neurons by noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus has long been suggested as a key mechanism of behavioral state control. In particular, the commonly held view is that noradrenaline (NA) plays a permissive role in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep generation by disinhibiting brainstem cholinergic neurons. ... More
A versatile means of intracellular labeling: injection of biocytin and its detection with avidin conjugates.
AuthorsHorikawa K, Armstrong WE
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID3146670
'Biocytin is a biotin-lysine complex of low molecular weight containing about 65% biotin, which retains a high affinity for avidin. Since the latter molecule has been conjugated to several histochemical markers, the use of biocytin as an intracellular marker was investigated. Electrodes were filled with a solution of 4-6% biocytin ... More
Substance P-sensitive neurones in the rat auditory brainstem: possible relationship to medial olivocochlear neurones.
AuthorsWang X, Robertson D
JournalHear Res
PubMed ID9508031
'Using in vitro techniques, intracellular microelectrode recordings were made from the regions of origin of medial olivocochlear neurones in the rat auditory brainstem. Cells were characterised according to their action potential shape and their excitatory response to bath application of micromolar concentrations of the peptide neurotransmitter substance P and were ... More
Firing patterns and synaptic potentials of identified giant aspiny interneurons in the rat neostriatum.
AuthorsWilson CJ, Chang HT, Kitai ST
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID2303856
'Intracellular recordings were made in vivo from 9 giant aspiny neurons in the neostriatum of urethane-anesthetized rats. The cells were identified by intracellular staining with HRP or biocytin. The neurons exhibited morphological features typical of neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. Six of the cells were obtained from intact animals, while 3 were ... More
Axonal collateral-collateral transport of tract tracers in brain neurons: false anterograde labelling and useful tool.
AuthorsChen S, Aston-Jones G
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID9466437
'It is well established that some neuroanatomical tracers may be taken up by local axonal terminals and transported to distant axonal collaterals (e.g., transganglionic transport in dorsal root ganglion cells). However, such collateral-collateral transport of tracers has not been systematically examined in the central nervous system. We addressed this issue ... More
Interneurons and inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the rat in vivo.
AuthorsBuckmaster PS, Schwartzkroin PA
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7823179
'Inhibitory cells are critically involved in shaping normal hippocampal function and are thought to be important elements in the development of hippocampal pathologies. However, there is relatively little information about the extent and pattern of axonal arborization of hippocampal interneurons and, therefore, about the sphere of influence of these cells. ... More
Dye tracers define differential endothelial and smooth muscle coupling patterns within the arteriolar wall.
AuthorsLittle TL, Xia J, Duling BR
JournalCirc Res
PubMed ID7859395
'Dye tracers were chosen, based on net charge, chemical structure, and reactive groups, to test for the existence of and to provide novel insight into channel selectivities of junctional pathways connecting smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the arteriolar wall. Dyes were injected into individual smooth muscle or endothelial cells ... More
Functional synaptic circuits in the subplate during fetal and early postnatal development of cat visual cortex.
AuthorsFriauf E, McConnell SK, Shatz CJ
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID2388080
'Among the first postmitotic cells of the cerebral cortex is a special population located below the cortical plate: the subplate neurons. These neurons reach a high degree of morphological maturity during fetal life, well before the neurons of the cortical layers have matured, yet nearly all of these cells die ... More
Groupings of nonpyramidal and pyramidal cells with specific physiological and morphological characteristics in rat frontal cortex.
AuthorsKawaguchi Y
JournalJ Neurophysiol
PubMed ID8459275
'1. Physiological and morphological properties of layer V non-pyramidal and pyramidal cells in isolated slices of frontal cortex from young rats (16-22 days postnatal) were studied by whole-cell, current-clamp recording of visualized cell bodies coupled with intracellular staining by biocytin at 26-27 degrees C. 2. Plotting of spike width at ... More
Functionally independent columns of rat somatosensory barrel cortex revealed with voltage-sensitive dye imaging.
AuthorsPetersen CC, Sakmann B
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID11606632
'Whisker movement is somatotopically represented in rodent neocortex by electrical activity in clearly defined barrels, which can be visualized in living brain slices. The functional architecture of this part of the cortex can thus be mapped in vitro with respect to its physiological input and compared with its anatomical architecture. ... More
Vibrissal motor cortex in the rat: connections with the barrel field.
AuthorsIzraeli R, Porter LL
JournalExp Brain Res
PubMed ID7621940
'The flow of information in the sensorimotor cortex may determine how somatic information modulates motor cortex neuronal activity during voluntary movement. Electrophysiological recordings and neuroanatomical tracing techniques were used to study the connections between the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and the vibrissal representation of the primary motor cortex (MI) in ... More
Double-staining of horizontal and amacrine cells by intracellular injection with lucifer yellow and biocytin in carp retina.
AuthorsTeranishi T, Negishi K
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID7514770
'Horizontal and amacrine cells in the isolated carp retina were impaled with micropipette electrode, identified by their characteristic light responses, and injected iontophoretically with markers for morphological study. Both Lucifer Yellow CH and biocytin were injected simultaneously. Lucifer Yellow was seen by its own fluorescence while biocytin was visualized by ... More
Deprivation-induced synaptic depression by distinct mechanisms in different layers of mouse visual cortex.
AuthorsCrozier RA, Wang Y, Liu CH, Bear MF
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID17227847
'Long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency synaptic stimulation (LFS) was originally introduced as a model to probe potential mechanisms of deprivation-induced synaptic depression in visual cortex. In hippocampus, LTD requires activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, PKA, and the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. It has long been assumed ... More
Thalamic reticular input to the rat visual thalamus: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.
AuthorsPinault D, Bourassa J, Deschênes M
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID7719715
'This study describes the axonal projections of single thalamic reticular (TR) neurons within the visual thalamus in rats. Experiments were performed under urethane anesthesia and reticular cells were labeled by extracellular or juxtacellular microiontophoretic applications of biocytin. The axonal arborizations of 19 TR cells projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate ... More
Convergence of subthalamic and striatal efferents at pallidal level in primates: an anterograde double-labeling study with biocytin and PHA-L.
AuthorsHazrati LN, Parent A
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID1371710
'Small injections of two highly sensitive anterograde tracers, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biocytin, into the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) have revealed a high degree of convergence of striatal and subthalamic fibers upon single pallidal cells. Both afferent systems formed highly complex band-like patterns that ... More
Neuronal circuitry for comparison of timing in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of the African wave-type electric fish Gymnarchus niloticus.
AuthorsKawasaki M, Guo YX
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID8613805
'An African wave-type electric fish, Gymnarchus, compares timing on the order of microseconds of sensory feedback from from its high-frequency (approximately 400 Hz) electric organ discharges (EODs) received at different parts of its body surfaces. This capability is essential for and demonstrated by the jamming avoidance response (JAR). The organization ... More
Cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons display the capacity for rhythmic bursting activity mediated by low-threshold calcium spikes.
AuthorsKhateb A, Mühlethaler M, Alonso A, Serafin M, Mainville L, Jones BE
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID1488109
'Acetylcholine has long been known to play an important role in the cortical activation that accompanies the states of wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (for review, see Refs 17, 21) when this neurotransmitter is released from the cerebral cortex at the highest rates. The major supply of acetylcholine to the cerebral ... More
Morphological details of primate axons and dendrites revealed by extracellular injection of biocytin: an economic and reliable alternative to PHA-L.
AuthorsLachica EA, Mavity-Hudson JA, Casagrande VA
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID1723335
'The objective of this study was to determine if biocytin would reliably label details of distant axons and dendrites when injected extracellularly in primates. Biocytin (2.5-5%) was injected iontophoretically or by pressure into several areas of the visual and somatosensory systems of macaque monkeys, squirrel monkeys, tree shrews and galagos. ... More
Hyperpolarization by opioids acting on mu-receptors of a sub-population of rat periaqueductal gray neurones in vitro.
AuthorsChieng B, Christie MJ
JournalBr J Pharmacol
PubMed ID7812601
'1. The actions of opioids on membrane properties of rat periaqueductal gray neurones were investigated using intracellular recordings from single neurones in brain slices. Morphological properties and anatomical location of each impaled neurone were characterized by use of intracellular staining with biocytin. The present paper primarily considers neurones which were ... More
A comparison of receptive-field and tracer-coupling size of amacrine and ganglion cells in the rabbit retina.
AuthorsBloomfield SA, Xin D
JournalVis Neurosci
PubMed ID9447695
'Recent studies have shown that amacrine and ganglion cells in the mammalian retina are extensively coupled as revealed by the intercellular movement of the biotinylated tracers biocytin and Neurobiotin. These demonstrations of tracer coupling suggest that electrical networks formed by proximal neurons (i.e. amacrine and ganglion cells) may underlie the ... More
Use of a biomimetic peptide in the design of a competitive binding assay for biotin and biotin analogues.
AuthorsGregory KJ, Bachas LG
JournalAnal Biochem
PubMed ID11161298
'A competitive binding assay for biotin, biocytin, and desthiobiotin utilizing a genetically engineered enzyme-ligand conjugate is described herein. This assay is unique in that the enzyme-ligand conjugate consists of the streptavidin binding peptide Strep-tag II, which mimics the binding of biotin to streptavidin, rather than biotin itself. This allows for ... More
Spatial heterogeneity of intracellular Ca2+ signals in axons of basket cells from rat cerebellar slices.
AuthorsLlano I, Tan YP, Caputo C
JournalJ Physiol
PubMed ID9279804
'1. Using tight-seal whole-cell recording and digital fluorescence imaging, we studied intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) dynamics in cerebellar basket cells, whose dendrites, axon and presynaptic terminals are coplanar, an optimal configuration for simultaneous optical measurements of all functional domains. 2. In Cs(+)-loaded neurones, depolarizing pulses induced large Ca2+i transients in single ... More
Intrinsic lattice connections of macaque monkey visual cortical area V4.
AuthorsYoshioka T, Levitt JB, Lund JS
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1377236
'We made focal iontophoretic as well as larger pressure injections (n = 30; 19 used for most analyses) of the tracer biocytin in visual area V4 of six macaque monkeys. The resulting transported label enabled mapping of intrinsic inter- and intralaminar connections within the region. We found that pyramidal neurons ... More
The tungstate-stabilized tetramethylbenzidine reaction for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and for revealing biocytin-filled neurons.
AuthorsLlewellyn-Smith IJ, Pilowsky P, Minson JB
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID8459721
'A peroxidase reaction product that can be easily distinguished from standard diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction products is needed for pre-embedding electron microscopic double-antibody labelling studies. Benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) and gold-substituted silver peroxidase reactions are unsatisfactory for double labelling because they lack sensitivity and reliability and/or compromise ultrastructure. We show here that ... More
Schwann cells induce sprouting in motor and sensory axons in the adult rat spinal cord.
AuthorsLi Y, Raisman G
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID8027762
'Circumscribed lesions were made within either the corticospinal tract or the ascending dorsal column tracts at the upper cervical level in adult rats. The responses of the tract axons were studied by orthograde transport from injections of horseradish peroxidase or biocytin. At 2 d, the ends of the cut axons ... More
Neuroanatomical labeling with biocytin: a review.
AuthorsMcDonald AJ
JournalNeuroreport
PubMed ID1384763
'Recent studies have shown that biocytin may have multiple applications in neuroanatomical studies. Biocytin may be injected into the brain by iontophoresis or by pressure injection methods, and localized in tissue sections using avidin-conjugated labels. It is taken up by neurons and rapidly transported down axons in an anterograde fashion. ... More
Optical dissection of odor information processing in vivo using GCaMPs expressed in specified cell types of the olfactory bulb.
AuthorsWachowiak M, Economo MN, Díaz-Quesada M, Brunert D, Wesson DW, White JA, Rothermel M,
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID23516293
'Understanding central processing requires precise monitoring of neural activity across populations of identified neurons in the intact brain. In the present study, we used recently optimized variants of the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP (GCaMP3 and GCaMPG5G) to image activity among genetically and anatomically defined neuronal populations in the olfactory ... More
Spike resonance properties in hippocampal O-LM cells are dependent on refractory dynamics.
AuthorsKispersky TJ, Fernandez FR, Economo MN, White JA,
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID22423087
'During a wide variety of behaviors, hippocampal field potentials show significant power in the theta (4-12 Hz) frequency range and individual neurons commonly phase-lock with the 4-12 Hz field potential. The underlying cellular and network mechanisms that generate the theta rhythm, however, are poorly understood. Oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons have ... More
The contributions of NMDA, non-NMDA, and GABA receptors to postsynaptic responses in neurons of the optic tectum.
AuthorsHickmott PW, Constantine-Paton M
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7692012
'Activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor has been implicated in activity-dependent development and plasticity in several systems, including the retinotectal system of amphibians. To gain a better understanding of the response properties of tectal neurons, with particular emphasis on the role of both non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors, ... More
A biotin-containing compound N-(2-aminoethyl)biotinamide for intracellular labeling and neuronal tracing studies: comparison with biocytin.
AuthorsKita H, Armstrong W
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID1715497
'The hydrochloride salt of a new, small molecular weight (M.W. = 286) biotin-containing compound referred to as biotinamide (N-(2-aminoethyl)biotinamide) was compared with biocytin (M.W. = 372) for its use in intracellular labeling of neurons and in neuronal tracing experiments using avidin conjugates for histochemical detection. The DC resistance and current ... More
Light exposure induces short- and long-term changes in the excitability of retinorecipient neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus.
'The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the locus of a hypothalamic circadian clock that synchronizes physiological and behavioral responses to the daily light-dark cycle. The nucleus is composed of functionally and peptidergically diverse populations of cells for which distinct electrochemical properties are largely unstudied. SCN neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receive ... More
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the gourami midbrain: a double labeling study by immunocytochemistry and tracer injection.
AuthorsYamamoto N, Oka Y, Yoshimoto M, Sawai N, Albert JS, Ito H
JournalNeurosci Lett
PubMed ID9488172
'There are three groups of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the teleost brain. Midbrain GnRH neurons in the dwarf gourami send axons to various areas of the central nervous system. However, it is not clear whether midbrain GnRH neurons form a cell cluster separate from the nucleus of the medial ... More
Distal initiation and active propagation of action potentials in interneuron dendrites.
AuthorsMartina M, Vida I, Jonas P
JournalScience
PubMed ID10634782
'Fast and reliable activation of inhibitory interneurons is critical for the stability of cortical neuronal networks. Active conductances in dendrites may facilitate interneuron activation, but direct experimental evidence was unavailable. Patch-clamp recordings from dendrites of hippocampal oriens-alveus interneurons revealed high densities of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels. Simultaneous recordings ... More
Regulation of connexin degradation as a mechanism to increase gap junction assembly and function.
AuthorsMusil LS, Le AC, VanSlyke JK, Roberts LM
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID10940315
'Connexins, the integral membrane protein constituents of gap junctions, are degraded at a rate (t(12) = 1.5-5 h) much faster than most other cell surface proteins. Although the turnover of connexins has been shown to be sensitive to inhibitors of either the lysosome or of the proteasome, how connexins are ... More
Inhibition of nuclear protein import by nonhydrolyzable analogues of GTP and identification of the small GTPase Ran/TC4 as an essential transport factor.
AuthorsMelchior F, Paschal B, Evans J, Gerace L
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID8276887
'We have investigated a possible involvement of GTPases in nuclear protein import using an in vitro transport system involving digitonin-permeabilized cells supplemented with exogenous cytosol. Transport in this system was measured with a novel ELISA-based assay that allows rapid quantitative analysis. GTP gamma S and other nonhydrolyzable analogues of GTP ... More
Biocytin: a versatile anterograde neuroanatomical tract-tracing alternative.
AuthorsKing MA, Louis PM, Hunter BE, Walker DW
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID2479450
'Biocytin, a naturally occurring low molecular weight analog of biotin, was evaluated as a neuroanatomical tract-tracing marker in the adult rat brain. Since it retains high-affinity binding to avidin, biocytin can be labelled with avidinylated visualization reagents. Iontophoretic or pressure injections resulted in filling of cell bodies and dendrites around ... More
Estrogen suppresses mu-opioid- and GABAB-mediated hyperpolarization of hypothalamic arcuate neurons.
AuthorsKelly MJ, Loose MD, Ronnekleiv OK
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1319480
'The effects of estrogen on the response of hypothalamic arcuate neurons to mu-opioid and GABAB agonists were investigated. Intracellular recordings were made from arcuate neurons in slices prepared from ovariectomized guinea pigs that were pretreated with estrogen or vehicle. Estrogen shifted the dose-response curve to the mu-opioid agonist DAMGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol) ... More
Direct evidence of trigeminal innervation of the cochlear blood vessels.
AuthorsVass Z, Shore SE, Nuttall AL, Miller JM
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID9539226
'This paper provides the first detailed description of the trigeminal innervation of the inner ear vasculature. This system provides a newly discovered neural substrate for rapid vasodilatatory responses of the inner ear to high levels of activity and sensory input. Moreover, this discovery may provide an alternative mechanism for a ... More
Specification of motoneurons from human embryonic stem cells.
AuthorsLi XJ, Du ZW, Zarnowska ED, Pankratz M, Hansen LO, Pearce RA, Zhang SC
JournalNat Biotechnol
PubMed ID15685164
'An understanding of how mammalian stem cells produce specific neuronal subtypes remains elusive. Here we show that human embryonic stem cells generated early neuroectodermal cells, which organized into rosettes and expressed Pax6 but not Sox1, and then late neuroectodermal cells, which formed neural tube-like structures and expressed both Pax6 and ... More
Waiting periods versus early innervation: the development of axonal connections in the zebra finch song system.
AuthorsMooney R, Rao M
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7965057
'This study examines the development of two neural pathways within the zebra finch forebrain that function respectively in the juvenile acquisition and the adult production of learned song. In the adult male zebra finch forebrain, the song nuclei L-MAN and HVc both innervate nucleus RA; L-MAN plays a crucial role ... More
Unipolar brush cell: a potential feedforward excitatory interneuron of the cerebellum.
AuthorsDiño MR, Schuerger RJ, Liu Y, Slater NT, Mugnaini E
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID10891606
'Unipolar brush cells are a class of interneurons in the granular layer of the mammalian cerebellum that receives excitatory mossy fiber synaptic input in the form of a giant glutamatergic synapse. Previously, it was shown that the unipolar brush cell axon branches within the granular layer, giving rise to large ... More
Biotin-dependent expression of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in HepG2.
AuthorsCollins JC, Paietta E, Green R, Morell AG, Stockert RJ
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID2457019
'The asialoglycoprotein receptor (AsGR) is characteristic of fully differentiated hepatocytes. AsGR expression in confluent cultures of HepG2 cells grown in minimal essential medium (MEM) requires a 300-350-dalton dialyzable fraction of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Addition to dialyzed FBS (dFBS) of 10(-7) M biotin or biocytin (Mr 372) permitted full expression ... More
Synapses formed by ectopic corticofugal axons: an electron microscopic study of crossed corticorubral projections in kittens.
AuthorsMurakami F, Saito Y, Higashi S, Oikawa H
JournalNeurosci Lett
PubMed ID1724305
'The corticorubral projections in newborn kittens are bilateral, while the projections are unilateral in adults. We addressed the question whether or not the crossed corticorubral projection in kitten forms synaptic contacts in the red nucleus. The neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of the kitten were labeled by Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or ... More
Intracellular injections of permanent tracers in the fixed slice: a comparison of HRP and biocytin.
AuthorsColeman LA, Friedlander MJ
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID1474850
'Here we describe a method for intracellularly injecting mixtures of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow and the permanent tracers HRP or biocytin into aldehyde-fixed slices of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in young postnatal cats. Lucifer Yellow was used for visual control in the injection procedure and the inclusion of ... More
Synthesis and characterization of a carbene-generating biotinylated lactosylceramide analog as a novel chromogenic photoprobe for GM3 synthase.
AuthorsHatanaka Y, Hashimoto M, Hidari KI, Sanai Y, Tezuka Y, Nagai Y, Kanaoka Y
JournalChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)
PubMed ID8689721
'A new biotinylated lactose derivative bearing a nitro-substituted chromogenic diazirine was synthesized. The biotinyl group within the structure enabled the performance of a convenient assay of GM3 synthase based on avidin-biotin technology, and the Km values of this biotinylated photoprobe were determined as 40 and 47 microM using bovine brain ... More
Presynaptic kainate receptors that enhance the release of GABA on CA1 hippocampal interneurons.
AuthorsCossart R, Tyzio R, Dinocourt C, Esclapez M, Hirsch JC, Ben-Ari Y, Bernard C
JournalNeuron
PubMed ID11239438
'We report that kainate receptors are present on presynaptic GABAergic terminals contacting interneurons and that their activation increases GABA release. Application of kainate increased the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded in CA1 interneurons. Local applications of glutamate but not of AMPA or NMDA also increased GABA quantal release. ... More
Dye-coupling among neurons of the rat locus coeruleus during postnatal development.
AuthorsChristie MJ, Jelinek HF
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID7694183
'Simultaneous recordings from pairs of locus coeruleus neurons in neonatal rat brain slices previously demonstrated synchronous, subthreshold oscillations of membrane potential (rats < 24 days old) and electronic-coupling between 40% of pairs of neurons from rats less than 10 days old. In the present study, slices from 1-21 day-old rats ... More
Synthesis of biocytin-containing peptides.
AuthorsBodanszky M, Fagan DT
JournalJ Am Chem Soc
PubMed ID830677
COMBINABILITY OF AVIDIN AND STREPTAVIDIN WITH ANALOGS OF BIOTIN.
AuthorsLICHSTEIN HC, BIRNBAUM J
JournalBiochem Biophys Res Commun
PubMed ID14341938
A fluorometric assay for biotinidase.
AuthorsEbrahim H, Dakshinamurti K
JournalAnal Biochem
PubMed ID3085543
An assay for biotinidase using biocytin, the natural substrate, is described. The fluorometric procedure uses 1,2-diacetylbenzene which reacts selectively with lysine allowing its direct determination in mixture with biocytin. We have examined the applicability of the assay using human serum biotinidase. ... More
Unidirectional coupling of gap junctions between neuroglia.
AuthorsRobinson SR, Hampson EC, Munro MN, Vaney DI
JournalScience
PubMed ID8093125
Gap junctions permit the passage of ions and small molecules between cells, thereby providing a basis for direct intercellular communication. In the rabbit retina, the low molecular weight dyes Lucifer yellow and biocytin passed readily from astrocytes into adjacent astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Müller cells. However, the dyes rarely passed from ... More
A method for utilizing biocytin to study retinofugal pathways at the light and electron microscopic levels.
AuthorsHelm GA, Palmer PE, Simmons NE, diPierro CG, Ebbesson SO
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID7505867
Numerous methods have been utilized in the past to study the retinofugal pathway at both the light and electron microscopic levels. However, many of these techniques have technical drawbacks that make them difficult to use in electron microscopic studies. We present herein a method for utilizing the anterograde tracer biocytin ... More
Many diverse types of retinal neurons show tracer coupling when injected with biocytin or Neurobiotin.
AuthorsVaney DI
JournalNeurosci Lett
PubMed ID1715532
This study demonstrates that the junctional connections between rod-signal interneurons in mammalian retina can be visualized by tracer coupling, following intracellular injection of the biotinylated compounds, biocytin and Neurobiotin. In addition, many other types of retinal neurons -including B-type horizontal cells and several types of retinal ganglion cells-show specific patterns ... More
Determination of biocytin.
AuthorsEbrahim H, Dakshinamurti K
JournalAnal Biochem
PubMed ID3111297
Biocytin (epsilon-N-[d-biotinyl]-L-lysine) is generally undetected in serum and other body fluids of normal healthy individuals in view of the ubiquitous distribution of biotinidase. It has been suggested that biocytin may be present in serum and urine of patients with inherited biotinidase deficiency. We have developed a noncompetitive assay for biocytin ... More
Transformation of olfactory representations in the Drosophila antennal lobe.
AuthorsWilson RI, Turner GC, Laurent G
JournalScience
PubMed ID14684826
Molecular genetics has revealed a precise stereotypy in the projection of primary olfactory sensory neurons onto secondary neurons. A major challenge is to understand how this mapping translates into odor responses in these second-order neurons. We investigated this question in Drosophila using whole-cell recordings in vivo. We observe that monomolecular ... More
Stereotyped position of local synaptic targets in neocortex.
AuthorsKozloski J, Hamzei-Sichani F, Yuste R
JournalScience
PubMed ID11486089
The microcircuitry of the mammalian neocortex remains largely unknown. Although the neocortex could be composed of scores of precise circuits, an alternative possibility is that local connectivity is probabilistic or even random. To examine the precision and degree of determinism in the neocortical microcircuitry, we used optical probing to reconstruct ... More
Analysis of relations between NMDA receptors and GABA release at olfactory bulb reciprocal synapses.
AuthorsChen WR, Xiong W, Shepherd GM
JournalNeuron
PubMed ID10774730
In the mammalian olfactory bulb, signal processing is mediated by synaptic interactions between dendrites. Glutamate released from mitral cell dendrites excites dendritic spines of granule cells, which in turn release GABA back onto the mitral cell dendrites, forming a reciprocal synaptic pair. This feedback synaptic circuit was shown to be ... More
The corticospinal tract attains a normal configuration in the absence of myelin: observations in jimpy mutant mice.
AuthorsStanfield BB
JournalNeuron
PubMed ID1908251
The corticospinal projection was examined in dysmyelinated, jimpy mice and in unaffected littermates following cortical injections of either wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or biocytin. Corticospinal axons in both phenotypes traverse the medulla within a well-defined pyramidal tract, decussate within several fascicles at the spinomedullary junction, and extend ... More
Neurons of the posterior subdivision of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis project to the preglomerular nucleus in the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus.
AuthorsZupanc GK, Horschke I
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID9452198
By using an in vitro tract-tracing technique, the neural connections between two diencephalic cell groups, the posterior subdivision of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (PPp) and the preglomerular nucleus (PG), was examined in the weakly electric gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Neurons of the PPp project to one area within PG, the ... More
Differential GABAB-receptor-mediated effects in perisomatic- and dendrite-targeting parvalbumin interneurons.
AuthorsBooker SA, Gross A, Althof D, Shigemoto R, Bettler B, Frotscher M, Hearing M, Wickman K, Watanabe M, Kulik Á, Vida I,
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID23637187
Inhibitory parvalbumin-containing interneurons (PVIs) control neuronal discharge and support the generation of theta- and gamma-frequency oscillations in cortical networks. Fast GABAergic input onto PVIs is crucial for their synchronization and oscillatory entrainment, but the role of metabotropic GABA(B) receptors (GABA(B)Rs) in mediating slow presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition remains unknown. In ... More
Changing the responses of cortical neurons from sub- to suprathreshold using single spikes in vivo.
Action Potential (APs) patterns of sensory cortex neurons encode a variety of stimulus features, but how can a neuron change the feature to which it responds? Here, we show that in vivo a spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) protocol-consisting of pairing a postsynaptic AP with visually driven presynaptic inputs-modifies a neurons' AP-response ... More
Hierarchical connectivity and connection-specific dynamics in the corticospinal-corticostriatal microcircuit in mouse motor cortex.
AuthorsKiritani T, Wickersham IR, Seung HS, Shepherd GM,
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID22492054
The generation of purposive movement by mammals involves coordinated activity in the corticospinal and corticostriatal systems, which are involved in different aspects of motor control. In the motor cortex, corticospinal and corticostriatal neurons are closely intermingled, raising the question of whether and how information flows intracortically within and across these ... More
Advantages and limitations of commonly used methods to assay the molecular permeability of gap junctional intercellular communication.
AuthorsAbbaci M, Barberi-Heyob M, Blondel W, Guillemin F, Didelon J,
JournalBiotechniques
PubMed ID18611167
The role of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in regulation of normal growth and differentiation is becoming increasingly recognized as a major cellular function. GJIC consists of intercellular exchange of low molecular weight molecules, and is the only means for direct contact between cytoplasms of adjacent animal cells. Disturbances of ... More
Bidirectional electrical coupling between inspiratory motoneurons in the newborn mouse nucleus ambiguus.
AuthorsRekling JC, Feldman JL
JournalJ Neurophysiol
PubMed ID9405571
Some spinal and brain stem motoneurons are electrically coupled in the early postnatal period. To test whether respiratory motoneurons in the brain stem are electrically coupled, we performed single and dual whole cell patch recordings from presumptive motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus in a rhythmically active brain stem slice from ... More
Optical probing of neuronal circuits with calcium indicators.
AuthorsPeterlin ZA, Kozloski J, Mao BQ, Tsiola A, Yuste R
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID10737806
An experimental difficulty in unraveling circuits in the mammalian nervous system is the identification of postsynaptic targets of a given neuron. Besides ultrastructural reconstructions, simultaneous recordings from pairs of cells in brain slices have been used to identify connected neurons. We describe in this paper a technique using calcium imaging ... More
Acute regulation of Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 by parathyroid hormone via NHE3 phosphorylation and dynamin-dependent endocytosis.
AuthorsCollazo R, Fan L, Hu MC, Zhao H, Wiederkehr MR, Moe OW
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID10866993
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a potent inhibitor of mammalian renal proximal tubule Na(+) transport via its action on the apical membrane Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3. In the opossum kidney cell line, inhibition of NHE3 activity was detected from 5 to 45 min after PTH addition. Increase in NHE3 phosphorylation on multiple ... More
Heterocellular contact at the myoendothelial junction influences gap junction organization.
AuthorsIsakson BE, Duling BR
JournalCirc Res
PubMed ID15961721
Heterocellular communication between vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) at the myoendothelial junction (MEJ) is a critical part of control of the arteriolar wall. We have developed an in vitro model of the MEJ composed of primary cultures of murine EC and VSMC. Immunoctytochemistry and immunoblots demonstrated ... More
A method for reliable and permanent intracellular staining of retinal ganglion cells.
AuthorsPu M, Berson DM
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID1374491
We have developed a method for reliable, permanent, high-resolution intracellular staining of ganglion cells in mammalian retinas. Living ganglion cells in the isolated retina are impaled in vitro and injected intracellularly with both Lucifer Yellow (LY) and biocytin. After fixation and aggressive pretreatment of the retina with detergents, the LY ... More
Glomerulus-specific synchronization of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb.
AuthorsSchoppa NE, Westbrook GL
JournalNeuron
PubMed ID11545722
Odor elicits a well-organized pattern of glomerular activation in the olfactory bulb. However, the mechanisms by which this spatial map is transformed into an odor code remain unclear. We examined this question in rat olfactory bulb slices in recordings from output mitral cells. Electrical stimulation of incoming afferents elicited slow ... More
Unidirectional axonal transport in in vitro adult rat brain explants.
AuthorsSenatorov VV, Hu B
JournalNeuroscience
PubMed ID9483503
The present study examined the properties of anterograde and retrograde transport in central axonal pathways maintained in vitro. The commonly-used tracers biocytin, dextran rhodamine B, FluoroGold, True Blue or rhodamine latex microspheres were injected into the medial geniculate body or the inferior colliculus of the adult rat brain explant. Injection ... More
Reduced junctional permeability at interrhombomeric boundaries.
AuthorsMartinez S, Geijo E, Sánchez-Vives MV, Puelles L, Gallego R
JournalDevelopment
PubMed ID1295729
Intercellular communication is considered to have a role during pattern specification processes in early embryonic development. This report analyzes the changing gap junctional communication properties of chick neuroepithelial cells depending on their position relative to the segmental partitions of the rhombencephalon. Intercellular electrical coupling and dye transfer were studied with ... More
Hippocampal pyramidal cells excite inhibitory neurons through a single release site.
AuthorsGulyás AI, Miles R, Sík A, Tóth K, Tamamaki N, Freund TF
JournalNature
PubMed ID8259211
Morphologically a synapse consists of a presynaptic release site containing vesicles, a postsynaptic element with membrane specialization, and a synaptic cleft between them. The number of release sites shapes the properties of synaptic transmission between neurons. Although excitatory interactions between cortical neurons have been examined, the number of release sites ... More
Actin-binding specificity of marine macrolide toxins, mycalolide B and kabiramide D.
AuthorsWada S, Matsunaga S, Saito S, Fusetani N, Watabe S
JournalJ Biochem (Tokyo)
PubMed ID9562630
An actin-depolymerizing marine natural product, mycalolide B, and a related compound, kabiramide D, were labeled with biocytin, a biotin derivative, and used to specify target molecules in cultured rat 3Y1 fibroblasts. Mycalolide B exhibited the ability to bind to various intracellular proteins, probably through the Michael addition of a sulfhydryl ... More
Recent techniques for tracing pathways in the central nervous system of developing and adult mammals.
AuthorsVercelli A, Repici M, Garbossa D, Grimaldi A
JournalBrain Res Bull
PubMed ID10654576
Over the last 20 years, the choice of neural tracers has increased manyfold, and includes newly introduced anterograde tracers that allow quantitation of single-axon morphologies, and retrograde tracers that can be combined with intracellular fills for the study of dendritic arbors of neurons which have a specific projection pattern. The ... More
Voltage- and transmitter-gated currents of all-amacrine cells in a slice preparation of the rat retina.
AuthorsBoos R, Schneider H, Wässle H
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID7687279
All-amacrine cells are crucial interneurons in the rod pathway of the mammalian retina. They receive input synapses from rod bipolar cells and make electrical output synapses into the ON-pathway and glycinergic chemical synapses into the OFF-pathway. Whole-cell currents from more than 50 voltage-clamped All-amacrine cells were recorded in a slice ... More
Double-labelling with rhodamine beads and biocytin: a technique for studying corticospinal and other projection neurons in vitro.
AuthorsTseng GF, Parada I, Prince DA
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID1908929
Corticospinal neurons retrogradely labelled with rhodamine-labelled latex microspheres (RLMs) in vivo were studied intracellularly in a slice preparation up to 13 months later with electrodes containing biocytin. The physiological properties of these double-labelled corticospinal neurons were indistinguishable from those of comparable neurons which were impaled with biocytin-containing electrodes without prior ... More
Axonal sprouting accompanies functional reorganization in adult cat striate cortex.
AuthorsDarian-Smith C, Gilbert CD
JournalNature
PubMed ID8152484
Removal of sensory input from a focal region of adult neocortex can lead to a large reorganization of cortical topography within the deprived area during subsequent months. Although this form of functional recovery is now well documented across several sensory systems, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Weeks after binocular ... More
Electrophysiological properties of dorsal lateral geniculate neurons in brain slices from ME7 scrapie-infected mice.
AuthorsBlack CJ, Johnston AR, Fraser JR, MacLeod N
JournalExp Neurol
PubMed ID9454635
Electrophysiological recordings using conventional intracellular techniques were obtained from dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) neurons in brain slices from ME7 scrapie-infected mice at specific time points throughout the incubation period of the disease. Comparisons were made with age-matched control mice. A number of dLGN neurons from control and scrapie-infected mice ... More
A rapid method for combined laser scanning confocal microscopic and electron microscopic visualization of biocytin or neurobiotin-labeled neurons.
AuthorsSun XJ, Tolbert LP, Hildebrand JG, Meinertzhagen IA
JournalJ Histochem Cytochem
PubMed ID9446834
Intracellular recording and dye filling are widely used to correlate the morphology of a neuron with its physiology. With laser scanning confocal microscopy, the complex shapes of labeled neurons in three dimensions can be reconstructed rapidly, but this requires fluorescent dyes. These dyes are neither permanent nor electron dense and ... More