Regulation of human organic cation transporter hOCT2 by PKA, PI3K, and calmodulin-dependent kinases.
AuthorsCetinkaya I, Ciarimboli G, Yalçinkaya G, Mehrens T, Velic A, Hirsch JR, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Schlatter E
JournalAm J Physiol Renal Physiol
PubMed ID12388397
'Properties and regulation of the human organic cation (OC) transporter type 2 (hOCT2) expressed in HEK-293 cells were extensively characterized using the fluorescent OC 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium (ASP(+)). ASP(+) uptake was electrogenic and inhibited by TPA(+) (EC(50) = 2.7 microM), tetraethylammonium (EC(50) = 35 microM), cimetidine (EC(50) = 36 microM), or quinine ... More
Mitochondria in tumor cells studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy.
AuthorsVilla AM, Doglia SM
JournalJ Biomed Opt
PubMed ID15065906
'We present here a confocal fluorescence microscopy study of mitochondria in sensitive and resistant carcinoma cells by using two potentiometric probes of mitochondria, rhodamine 123 (R123) and dimethylaminostyryl-methylpyridiniumiodine. We have found that active mitochondria in sensitive MCF-7 and multidrug resistant MCF-7/DX carcinoma cells are very different in localization and morphology. ... More
Binding and transport in norepinephrine transporters. Real-time, spatially resolved analysis in single cells using a fluorescent substrate.
AuthorsSchwartz JW, Blakely RD, DeFelice LJ
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID12499385
'Monoamine transporters, the molecular targets for drugs of abuse and antidepressants, clear norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin from the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters, amphetamines, and neurotoxins bind before being transported, whereas cocaine and antidepressants bind to block transport. Although binding is crucial to transport, few assays separate binding from transport, nor do ... More
Biotransformation of the MPTP analog trans-1-methyl-4-[4-dimethylaminophenylethenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetra- hydropyridine to a fluorescent pyridinium metabolite by intact neuroblastoma cells.
AuthorsSong X, Ehrich M, Flaherty D, Wang YX, Castagnoli N
JournalToxicol Appl Pharmacol
PubMed ID8661341
'The possibility of imaging monoamine oxidase (MAO) containing neurons through the MAO-mediated conversion of the nonfluorescent tetrahydropyridine compound trans-1-methyl-4-[4-dimethylaminophenylethenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (t-THP) to the corresponding fluorescent trans-1-methyl-4-[4-dimethylaminophenylethenyl]pyridinium species (t-P+) was examined with the aid of human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence measurements established the intracellular formation of a fluorescent ... More
The concentration jump method. Kinetics of vital staining of mitochondria in HeLa cells with lipophilic cationic fluorescent dyes.
AuthorsIrion G, Ochsenfeld L, Naujok A, Zimmermann HW
JournalHistochemistry
PubMed ID7682211
'Lipophilic cationic fluorescent dyes (D) specifically stain the mitochondria of living cells. A perfusion chamber for cell cultures is described, which can be used to determine the kinetics of vital staining of the mitochondria of single selected cells in situ. In these experiments styrylpyridinium dyes and cultures of HeLa cells ... More
Effects of growth conditions on mitochondrial morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AuthorsVisser W, van Spronsen EA, Nanninga N, Pronk JT, Gijs Kuenen J, van Dijken JP
JournalAntonie Van Leeuwenhoek
PubMed ID7778893
'Effects of growth conditions on mitochondrial morphology were studied in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by vital staining with the fluorescent dye dimethyl-aminostyryl-methylpyridinium iodine (DASPMI), fluorescence microscopy, and confocal-scanning laser microscopy. Cells from respiratory, ethanol-grown batch cultures contained a large number of small mitochondria. Conversely, cells from glucose-grown batch cultures, in ... More
Temperature-sensitive yeast mutants defective in mitochondrial inheritance.
AuthorsMcConnell SJ, Stewart LC, Talin A, Yaffe MP
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID2202739
'The distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells is an essential feature of mitotic cell growth, yet the molecular mechanisms facilitating this mitochondrial inheritance are unknown. We have isolated mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are temperature-sensitive for the transfer of mitochondria into a growing bud. Two of these mutants contain single, ... More
A role for unsaturated fatty acids in mitochondrial movement and inheritance.
AuthorsStewart LC, Yaffe MP
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID1955472
'Yeast cells with the mdm2 mutation display temperature-sensitive growth and defective intracellular mitochondrial movement at the non-permissive temperature. The latter phenotype includes both an absence of mitochondrial transfer into daughter buds of mitotically growing cells and an aberrant mitochondrial distribution in cells exposed to mating pheromone. The wild-type MDM2 gene ... More
Mas37p, a novel receptor subunit for protein import into mitochondria.
AuthorsGratzer S, Lithgow T, Bauer RE, Lamping E, Paltauf F, Kohlwein SD, Haucke V, Junne T, Schatz G, Horst M
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID7698990
'By screening a collection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants temperature sensitive for growth on a nonfermentable carbon source, we have isolated a gene (termed MAS37) which encodes a novel receptor for protein import into mitochondria. Mas37p is a 37-kD outer membrane protein with two putative membrane-spanning regions. Inactivation of the MAS37 ... More
A mutation in a novel yeast proteasomal gene, RPN11/MPR1, produces a cell cycle arrest, overreplication of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and an altered mitochondrial morphology.
AuthorsRinaldi T, Ricci C, Porro D, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Frontali L
JournalMol Biol Cell
PubMed ID9763452
'We report here the functional characterization of an essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, MPR1, coding for a regulatory proteasomal subunit for which the name Rpn11p has been proposed. For this study we made use of the mpr1-1 mutation that causes the following pleiotropic defects. At 24 degreesC growth is delayed on ... More
Validation of a fluorescence-based high-throughput assay for the measurement of neurotransmitter transporter uptake activity.
'Pre-synaptic dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters (DAT, NET and SERT) terminate synaptic catecholamine transmission through reuptake of released neurotransmitter. Common approaches for studying these transporters involve radiolabeled substrates or inhibitors which, however, have several limitations. In this study we have used a novel neurotransmitter transporter uptake assay kit. The assay ... More
Charge-shift probes of membrane potential: a probable electrochromic mechanism for p-aminostyrylpyridinium probes on a hemispherical lipid bilayer.
AuthorsLoew LM, Simpson LL
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID7248466
'The characteristics of the spectroscopic responses to membrane potential are examined for a series of dyes based on the 4-(p-aminostyryl)-1-pyridinium chromophore. An apparatus using an oxidized cholesterol hemispherical bilayer and phase-sensitive detection provides response spectra in either transmission or fluorescence excitation modes. All the probes with good binding properties display ... More
Behavior of mitochondria in the living cell.
AuthorsBereiter-Hahn J
JournalInt Rev Cytol
PubMed ID2246114
Use of fluorescent probes to investigate the metabolic state of Pneumocystis carinii mitochondria.
AuthorsChen F, Cushion MT
JournalJ Eukaryot Microbiol
PubMed ID7804275
Simple device for continuous measurement of fluorescent anions and cations in the rat kidney in situ.
AuthorsRohlicek V, Ullrich KJ
JournalRen Physiol Biochem
PubMed ID7513899
A simple device for fluorescence measurements on kidney surface in situ (FKS) is described. The device consists of (1) an illuminating unit, (2) a detector, (3) an evaluation unit. The device was developed for measurement of tissue content of anionic sulfofluorescein and cationic 4(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) during its secretion by proximal ... More
Biogenic amine neurotransmitter transporters: just when you thought you knew them.
AuthorsBlakely RD, Defelice LJ, Galli A
JournalPhysiology (Bethesda)
PubMed ID16024510
Plasma membrane transporters have long been known to support the reuptake of biogenic amine neurotransmitters following release in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Using high-resolution imaging, patch-clamp and amperometric approaches, as well as molecular manipulations of transporter-regulatory pathways, surprising new details have been uncovered as to how transporters work ... More
Depolarizing action of allergens on passive sensitized lymphocytes.
AuthorsKosnikov VV, Dobretsov GE
JournalInt Arch Allergy Appl Immunol
PubMed ID1917108
An ability of rat thymus lymphocytes to respond to pollen allergens has been found. The lymphocytes were exposed with plasma of pollinosis patients. The subsequent addition of allergens specific for the patient caused the decrease of lymphocyte plasma membrane potential. The decrease was detected by use of potential-sensitive fluorescent probe ... More
Nerve terminal remodeling visualized in living mice by repeated examination of the same neuron.
AuthorsPurves D, Voyvodic JT, Magrassi L, Yawo H
JournalScience
PubMed ID3685967
The distribution of presynaptic endings on the surfaces of autonomic ganglion cells was mapped in living mice after intravenous administration of a styryl pyridinium dye. The staining and imaging techniques did not appear to damage the ganglion cells, or the synapses on them; these procedures could therefore be repeated after ... More
The phosphonium ion efflux system of Escherichia coli: relationship to the ethidium efflux system and energetic studies.
AuthorsMidgley M
JournalJ Gen Microbiol
PubMed ID3305782
The extent of accumulation of methyltriphenylphosphonium ion by Escherichia coli was shown to be dependent on the permeability of the outer membrane and the activity of an efflux system for this compound. Evidence consistent with the operation of a single efflux system for compounds such as phosphonium ions, phenanthridiniums and ... More
[Detection of the clusters of negative charges on the surface of erythrocyte cytoplasmic membranes by fluorescent probes]
AuthorsPetrov VA, Dobretsov GE, Vunderlikh Z, Plikett F, Glass K
JournalBiofizika
PubMed ID6871273
When charges on the membrane surface are distributed unequally and, especially, when they are in clusters, the concept of Goue-Chapman is not valid. Clusters of the negative charges on the cell surface can be detected by the combination of two fluorescent probes and a polycation which is capable of neutralizing ... More
Fluorescent probes that stain living nerve terminals.
AuthorsMagrassi L, Purves D, Lichtman JW
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID3572476
We have evaluated the efficacy of 18 cationic mitochondrial dyes that, as a class, show some ability to stain living nerve terminals. Several of these agents provide excellent staining of neuromuscular junctions in a wide range of species. More detailed studies of the most effective of these dyes--4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (4-Di-2-ASP)--indicate ... More
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AuthorsAhlin G, Karlsson J, Pedersen JM, Gustavsson L, Larsson R, Matsson P, Norinder U, Bergström CA, Artursson P,
JournalJ Med Chem
PubMed ID18788725
The liver-specific organic cation transport protein (OCT1; SLC22A1) transports several cationic drugs including the antidiabetic drug metformin and the anticancer agents oxaliplatin and imatinib. In this study, we explored the chemical space of registered oral drugs with the aim of studying the inhibition pattern of OCT1 and of developing predictive ... More
MAO-B elevation in mouse brain astrocytes results in Parkinson's pathology.
AuthorsMallajosyula JK, Kaur D, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Rane A, Nicholls DG, Di Monte DA, Macarthur H, Andersen JK,
JournalPLoS ONE
PubMed ID18286173
Age-related increases in monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) may contribute to neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl, a long-standing antiparkinsonian therapy, is currently used clinically in concert with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA. Clinical studies suggesting that deprenyl treatment alone is not protective against PD associated mortality were ... More
The fidgety yeast: focus on high-resolution live yeast cell microscopy.
AuthorsWolinski H, Natter K, Kohlwein SD,
JournalMethods Mol Biol
PubMed ID19521820
Despite its small size of 5-8 mum - only one order of magnitude above the wavelength of visible light - yeast has developed into an attractive system for light microscopic analysis. First, the ease of genetic manipulation and integrative transformation have opened numerous experimental strategies for genome-wide tagging approaches, e.g., ... More
Regulation of mitochondrial morphology and inheritance by Mdm10p, a protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
AuthorsSogo LF, Yaffe MP
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID8089171
Yeast cells with the mdm10 mutation possess giant spherical mitochondria and are defective for mitochondrial inheritance. The giant mitochondria display classical features of mitochondrial ultrastructure, yet they appear incapable of movement or division. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotypes resulted from a single nuclear mutation, and the isolated MDM10 ... More
Kinetical parameters of monovalent cation uptake in yeast calculated on accounting for the mutual interaction of cation uptake and membrane potential.
AuthorsBorst-Pauwels GW
JournalBiochim Biophys Acta
PubMed ID8218320
Kinetical parameters of monovalent cation uptake in yeast are calculated according to a model for mutual interaction of membrane potential and cation uptake. Apparent Km values for monovalent cation uptake obtained from uptake studies are 3-5-times lower than the Km values expected when the membrane potential remains constant at increasing ... More
Vital imaging of glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb.
AuthorsLaMantia AS, Pomeroy SL, Purves D
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1545246
We have monitored the pattern of identified glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of newborn, juvenile, and adult mice over intervals of several hours to several weeks. Our purpose was to assess the development and stability of these complex units in the mammalian brain. Glomeruli can be observed by vital fluorescent ... More
[4-(n-Dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium fluorescence in a living cell]
AuthorsMorozova GI, Dobretsov GE, Dubur GIa, Dubur RR, Golitsyn VM
JournalTsitologiia
PubMed ID7029833
A fluorescent compound 4-(p-dimethylinostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium (DSM) has been synthesized, having the absorption maximum about 450 nm and the fluorescence maximum about 590 nm in a water solution. A considerable increase of its fluorescence intensity is found in DNA solutions. The binding of DSM with membranes leads to a shift of its ... More
Mutation of amino acid 475 of rat organic cation transporter 2 (rOCT2) impairs organic cation transport.
AuthorsBahn A, Hagos Y, Rudolph T, Burckhardt G
JournalBiochimie
PubMed ID15016452
Protein sequence alignments revealed one amino acid position, where organic cation transporters (OCTs, aspartate (D) at position 475 of rOCT2) and organic anion transporters (OATs, arginine (R) at position 466 of rOAT1) are charged oppositely. To address the impact of this amino acid for protein function we cloned rat organic ... More
Resonance energy transfer study of hemoglobin complexes with model phospholipid membranes.
AuthorsGorbenko GP
JournalBiophys Chem
PubMed ID10515045
By examining the resonance energy transfer between fluorescent probes, embedded in the lipid bilayer (4-(dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpiridine, 4-(dimethylaminostyryl)-1-dodecylpiridine, N,N'-bishexamethylenrhodamine, rhodamine 6G) as donors, and the heme group of hemoglobin as acceptor, the structure of the protein complexes with the model membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin was characterized. Quantitative interpretation of the ... More
Presence of Na-K-ATPase in mitochondria-rich cells in the yolk-sac epithelium of larvae of the teleost Oreochromis mossambicus.
AuthorsHwang PP, Lee TH, Weng CF, Fang MJ, Cho GY
JournalPhysiol Biochem Zool
PubMed ID10068616
The purpose of this study is to provide biochemical evidence for the functions of the mitochondria-rich cell (MR cell) in the yolk-sac epithelium of the developing larvae of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Western blotting with the antibody (6F) raised against avian Na-K-ATPase alpha1 subunit demonstrated the presence of Na-K-ATPase in yolk-sac ... More
Charge-shift probes of membrane potential. Characterization of aminostyrylpyridinium dyes on the squid giant axon.
AuthorsLoew LM, Cohen LB, Salzberg BM, Obaid AL, Bezanilla F
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID3978192
The characteristics of transmittance and fluorescence changes of 4-(p-aminostyryl)-1-pyridinium dyes in response to voltage-clamp pulses on the squid giant axon were examined. A zwitterionic styryl dye displays transmittance and excitation spectra on the voltage-clamped squid axon with shapes similar to those previously measured on a model membrane system and consistent ... More
Localization of D1 dopamine receptors on live cultured striatal neurons by quantitative fluorescence microscopy.
AuthorsHoyt KR, Reynolds IJ
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID8883850
Single neurons in culture express a heterogeneity of neurotransmitter receptor subtypes. The study of the effects of neurotransmitters on neuronal function is complicated by this heterogeneity. It would therefore be useful to be able to identify live neurons that express the receptors of interest and then use these neurons for ... More
The use and effects of vital fluorescent dyes: observation of motor nerve terminals and satellite cells in living frog muscles.
AuthorsHerrera AA, Banner LR
JournalJ Neurocytol
PubMed ID2351996
Several different fluorescent mitochondrial dyes were tested as vital stains for motor nerve terminals and other cells in frog skeletal muscles. It was found that 3,3' diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide and 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide were most useful. Both dyes labelled motor nerve terminals with high reliability. Electrophysiological and morphological control experiments showed that ... More
A nonradioactive high-throughput/high-content assay for measurement of the human serotonin reuptake transporter function in vitro.
AuthorsFowler A, Seifert N, Acker V, Woehrle T, Kilpert C, de Saizieu A
JournalJ Biomol Screen
PubMed ID17099247
Both the tricyclic and specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor classes of antidepressants act primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of released serotonin by the human serotonin reuptake transporter (hSERT). In this article, the authors describe the use of a fluorescent substrate of the transporter (4-(4-(dimethylamino)-styrl)-N-methylpyridinium, ASP) to develop a microplate-based high-throughput screen ... More
Peanut lectin binds to a subpopulation of mitochondria-rich cells in the rainbow trout gill epithelium.
AuthorsGoss GG, Adamia S, Galvez F
JournalAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
PubMed ID11641145
Fluorescently labeled peanut lectin agglutinin (PNA-FITC) was used to identify a subtype of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout. In situ binding of PNA-FITC was visualized by inverted fluorescence microscopy and found to bind to cells on the trailing edge of the filament epithelium as demonstrated ... More
Effects of prolactin on chloride cells in opercular membrane of seawater-adapted tilapia.
AuthorsHerndon TM, McCormick SD, Bern HA
JournalGen Comp Endocrinol
PubMed ID1655557
Effects of prolactin on morphology and numbers of chloride cells in the opercular membrane of seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) have been examined. Following five daily injections of ovine prolactin at a dose of 10 micrograms.g body wt-1, blood samples were taken and opercular membranes were removed and stained with a ... More
The affinity of the organic cation transporter rOCT1 is increased by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation.
AuthorsMehrens T, Lelleck S, Cetinkaya I, Knollmann M, Hohage H, Gorboulev V, Bokník P, Koepsell H, Schlatter E
JournalJ Am Soc Nephrol
PubMed ID10864577
Members of the organic cation transporter (OCT) family are mainly expressed in kidney, liver, intestine, and brain. The regulation of the OCT type 1 from rat (rOCT1) stably transfected in HEK293 cells was examined using a fluorimetric technique, 1-[(3)H]methyl-4-phenylpyridinium uptake studies, and fast-whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. For the fluorescence measurements, the ... More
The organic cation transporters rOCT1 and hOCT2 are inhibited by cGMP.
AuthorsSchlatter E, Mönnich V, Cetinkaya I, Mehrens T, Ciarimboli G, Hirsch JR, Popp C, Koepsell H
JournalJ Membr Biol
PubMed ID12395288
The electrogenic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubules mediate the first step during secretion of organic cations. Previously we demonstrated stimulation and change of selectivity for rat OCT1 (rOCT1) by protein kinase C. Here we investigated the effect of cGMP on cation transport ... More
Transport interactions of different organic cations during their excretion by the intact rat kidney.
AuthorsPietruck F, Ullrich KJ
JournalKidney Int
PubMed ID7643534
Organic cations, in addition to being filtrated, are secreted or reabsorbed in the proximal renal tubule whereby they have to pass the contraluminal and the luminal cell membrane. Interactions with the transport of other organic cations can occur at either cell side, leading to inhibition or stimulation of net secretion ... More
A new vital stain for visualizing vacuolar membrane dynamics and endocytosis in yeast.
AuthorsVida TA, Emr SD
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID7533169
We have used a lipophilic styryl dye, N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4- (p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl) pyridinium dibromide (FM 4-64), as a vital stain to follow bulk membrane-internalization and transport to the vacuole in yeast. After treatment for 60 min at 30 degrees C, FM 4-64 stained the vacuole membrane (ring staining pattern). FM 4-64 did not ... More
Cortisol directly stimulates differentiation of chloride cells in tilapia opercular membrane.
AuthorsMcCormick SD
JournalAm J Physiol
PubMed ID1699439
Opercular membranes from freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were maintained in vitro for 4 days and exposed to several concentrations of cortisol (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 micrograms/ml). Chloride cell size, number, and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase content were examined using a fluorescent mitochondrial dye (dimethylaminostyrylethylpyridiniumiodine), a fluorescent analogue of ouabain (anthroylouabain) that ... More
Regulation of organic cation transport in IHKE-1 and LLC-PK1 cells. Fluorometric studies with 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium.
AuthorsHohage H, Stachon A, Feidt C, Hirsch JR, Schlatter E
JournalJ Pharmacol Exp Ther
PubMed ID9655873
The regulation of transport of the fluorescent organic cation 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+) by renal proximal tubular organic cation transport was studied in IHKE-1 and LLC-PK1 cells with a recently established fluorometric technique (Stachon et al., 1996, 1997). Stimulation of Ca++/diacylglycerol-dependent protein kinase by 1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol (DOG; 0.01-1 mumol/l, n = 7), ... More
Properties and regulation of organic cation transport in freshly isolated human proximal tubules.
AuthorsPietig G, Mehrens T, Hirsch JR, Cetinkaya I, Piechota H, Schlatter E
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID11447227
The kidney, and more specifically the proximal tubule, is the main site of elimination of cationic endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics. Although numerous studies exist on renal organic cation transport of rat and rabbit, no information is available from humans. Therefore, we examined organic cation transport and its regulation across the ... More
Changes in axon arrangement in the retinofugal [correction of retinofungal] pathway of mouse embryos: confocal microscopy study using single- and double-dye label.
AuthorsChan SO, Chung KY
JournalJ Comp Neurol
PubMed ID10096609
The changes in quadrant-specific fiber order in the retinofugal pathway of the C57-pigmented mouse aged embryonic day 15 were investigated by using single- (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate; DiI) and double- (N-4-4-didecylaminostyryl-N-methylpyridinium iodide; 4Di-10ASP in addition to DiI) labeling techniques. At this earliest stage of development, before any fibers arrive at their targets, ... More
Substrate binding stoichiometry and kinetics of the norepinephrine transporter.
The human norepinephrine (NE) transporter (hNET) attenuates neuronal signaling by rapid NE clearance from the synaptic cleft, and NET is a target for cocaine and amphetamines as well as therapeutics for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In spite of its central importance in the nervous system, little is ... More
Vital confocal microscopy in bone.
AuthorsBoyde A, Wolfe LA, Maly M, Jones SJ
JournalScanning
PubMed ID7767496
We wished to exploit confocal microscopy for high spatial and temporal resolution vital microscopy in bone. To this end, we evolved implants with glass windows supported in titanium, which were placed in the medial proximal tibial plateau of the rabbit, and special small, self-focussing objectives (dry 10/0.25, water immersion 20/0.45, ... More
Novel fluorescence-based approaches for the study of biogenic amine transporter localization, activity, and regulation.
Pre-synaptic norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) transporters (NET and DAT) terminate catecholamine synaptic transmission through reuptake of released neurotransmitter. Recent studies reveal that NET and DAT are tightly regulated by receptor and second messenger-linked signaling pathways. Common approaches for studying these transporters involve use of radiolabeled substrates or antagonists, methods ... More