Bipolar cells use kainate and AMPA receptors to filter visual information into separate channels.
AuthorsDeVries SH
JournalNeuron
PubMed ID11163271
Unlike cone photoreceptors, whose light responses have a uniform time course, retinal ganglion cells are tuned to respond to different temporal components in a changing visual scene. The signals in a mammalian cone flow to three to five morphologically distinct "OFF" bipolar cells at a sign-conserving, glutamatergic synapse. By recording ... More
Microfabricated arrays of femtoliter chambers allow single molecule enzymology.
AuthorsRondelez Y, Tresset G, Tabata KV, Arata H, Fujita H, Takeuchi S, Noji H
JournalNat Biotechnol
PubMed ID15723045
Precise understanding of biological functions requires tools comparable in size to the basic components of life. Single molecule studies have revealed molecular behaviors usually hidden in the ensemble- and time-averaging of bulk experiments. Although most such approaches rely on sophisticated optical strategies to limit the detection volume, another attractive approach ... More
Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: new spectral windows for biological nonlinear microscopy.
AuthorsXu C, Zipfel W, Shear JB, Williams RM, Webb WW
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID8855254
Intrinsic, three-dimensionally resolved, microscopic imaging of dynamical structures and biochemical processes in living preparations has been realized by nonlinear laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The search for useful two-photon and three-photon excitation spectra, motivated by the emergence of nonlinear microscopy as a powerful biophysical instrument, has now discovered a virtual artist's ... More