PLD$ is involved in phagocytosis of microglia: expression and localization changes of PLD4 are correlated with activation state of microglia.
AuthorsOtani Y, Yamaguchi Y, Sato Y, Furuichi T, Ikenaka K, Kitani H, Baba H,
JournalPLoS One
PubMed ID22102906
Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) is a recently identified protein that is mainly expressed in the ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive microglia in the early postnatal mouse cerebellar white matter. Unlike PLD1 and PLD2, PLD4 exhibits no enzymatic activity for conversion of phosphatidylcholine into choline and phosphatidic acid, and its ... More
Live cell imaging of zebrafish leukocytes.
AuthorsHall C, Flores MV, Crosier K, Crosier P,
JournalMethods Mol Biol
PubMed ID19378109
Zebrafish are ideally suited for the live imaging of early immune cell compartments. Macrophages that initially appear on the yolk surface prior to the onset of circulation are the first functional immune cells within the embryo, predating the emergence of the first granulocytic cells-the heterophilic neutrophils. Both cell types have ... More
The activation of P2X7 receptor impairs lysosomal functions and stimulates the release of autophagolysosomes in microglial cells.
AuthorsTakenouchi T, Nakai M, Iwamaru Y, Sugama S, Tsukimoto M, Fujita M, Wei J, Sekigawa A, Sato M, Kojima S, Kitani H, Hashimoto M,
JournalJ Immunol
PubMed ID19201858
Recently, autophagy has been associated with the TLR signaling pathway to eliminate intracellular pathogens in the innate immune system. However, it is unknown if other pathways regulate autophagy during the immunologic response. Given the critical role of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) pathway during various immunologic functions (i.e., caspase activation ... More
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of Drosophila hemocytes reveals important functional similarities to mammalian leukocytes.
AuthorsTirouvanziam R, Davidson CJ, Lipsick JS, Herzenberg LA
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID14976247
Drosophila is a powerful model for molecular studies of hematopoiesis and innate immunity. However, its use for functional cellular studies remains hampered by the lack of single-cell assays for hemocytes (blood cells). Here we introduce a generic method combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting and nonantibody probes that enables the selective gating ... More