The distribution of zinc selenite and expression of metallothionein-III mRNA in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the rat suggest a role for zinc in sensory transmission.
AuthorsVelázquez RA, Cai Y, Shi Q, Larson AA
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID10066279
Zinc appears to play a role in synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that zinc is similarly involved in sensory transmission by determining whether vesicular zinc and metallothionein-III (MT-III), a zinc-binding protein, are localized in rat primary afferent neurons. MT-III mRNA, measured using RT-PCR, and MT-III immunoreactivity, ... More
A fluorescence method to determine picomole amounts of Zn(II) in biological systems.
AuthorsReyes JG, Santander M, Martinez PL, Arce R, Benos DJ
JournalBiol Res
PubMed ID7647815
'The formation of complexes between n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluensulfonamide (TSQ) and Zn(II) in methanol has been used as an analytical procedure for Zn(II) determination in biological systems. Using 1 ml cuvettes, the limit of detection of the method was approximately 20 pmoles of Zn(II). Linearity between fluorescence and zinc concentration was obtained up ... More
The in vitro ejection of zinc from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 nucleocapsid protein by disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-HIV activity.
'Several disulfide benzamides have been shown to possess wide-spectrum antiretroviral activity in cell culture at low micromolar to submicromolar concentrations, inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) clinical and drug-resistant strains along with HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus [Rice, W. G., Supko, J. G., Malspeis, L., Buckheit, R. W., ... More
Luminescent CdS quantum dots as selective ion probes.
AuthorsChen Y, Rosenzweig Z
JournalAnal Chem
PubMed ID12380840
'Water-soluble luminescent CdS quantum dots (QDs) capped by polyphosphate, L-cysteine, and thioglycerol were synthesized in aqueous solution. The ligands were found to have a profound effect on the luminesence response of CdS QDs to physiologically important metal cations. Polyphosphate-capped CdS QDs were sensitive to nearly all mono- and divalent cations, ... More
Evaluation of selected chemotypes in coupled cellular and molecular target-based screens identifies novel HIV-1 zinc finger inhibitors.
AuthorsRice WG, Turpin JA, Schaeffer CA, Graham L, Clanton D, Buckheit RW, Zaharevitz D, Summers MF, Wallqvist A, Covell DG
JournalJ Med Chem
PubMed ID8809151
'Conservation of the Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys retroviral zinc finger sequences and their absolute requirement in both the early and late phases of retroviral replication make these chemically reactive structures prime antiviral targets. We recently reported that select 2,2''-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs) chemically modify the zinc finger Cys residues, resulting in release of zinc from ... More
Expression of P2X6, a purinergic receptor subunit, is affected by dietary zinc deficiency in rat hippocampus.
AuthorsChu Y, Mouat MF, Coffield JA, Orlando R, Grider A
JournalBiol Trace Elem Res
PubMed ID12713031
'The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether dietary zinc depletion affected protein expression in the hippocampus. Eleven weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats (21 d) were fed the AIN-93G diet containing 1.5 ppm zinc and supplemented with 30 ppm of zinc in the drinking water. After 1 wk, the rats ... More
Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependence of DNA synthesis in untransformed and in Ha-ras(val-12)-expressing NIH 3T3 cells.
AuthorsBack CJ, Sistonen L, Enkvist MO, Heikkilä JE, Akerman KE
JournalExp Cell Res
PubMed ID8359224
'The role of Ca2+ and Zn2+ in the initiation of DNA synthesis in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and c-Ha-ras(val-12) oncoprotein-expressing (NIH 3T3) cells has been studied. Entrapment of the Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA (30 microM), into the cells totally blocked a serum-induced rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) as determined with fura-2. ... More
Endogenous Zn(2+) is required for the induction of long-term potentiation at rat hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapses.
AuthorsLu YM, Taverna FA, Tu R, Ackerley CA, Wang YT, Roder J
JournalSynapse
PubMed ID11018793
'The functional role of the abundant Zn(2+) found in some hippocampal synapses has been an enigma. We show here, using N-[6-methoxy-8-quinolyl]-P-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ) staining, that chelatable-Zn(2+) can be removed from hippocampal synaptic boutons using dietary depletion or with Zn(2+) chelators. A chronic dietary deficiency of bouton Zn(2+) resulted in the impairment ... More
Fluorescent zinc indicators for neurobiology.
AuthorsThompson RB, Peterson D, Mahoney W, Cramer M, Maliwal BP, Suh SW, Frederickson C, Fierke C, Herman P
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID12191759
'Mounting evidence indicates that zinc has multiple roles in cell biology, viz. as a part of metalloenzyme catalytic sites, as a structural component of gene regulatory proteins, and (like calcium) as a free signal ion, particularly in the cortex of the brain. While most Zn(II) in the brain is tightly ... More
Routes of zinc entry in mouse cortical neurons: role in zinc-induced neurotoxicity.
AuthorsMarin P, Israël M, Glowinski J, Prémont J
JournalEur J Neurosci
PubMed ID10651855
'Exposure of central neurons to Zn2+ triggers neuronal death. The routes of Zn2+ entry were investigated in living cortical neurons from the mouse using the specific Zn2+ fluorescent dye N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluene sulphonamide (TSQ), which preferentially detects membrane-bound Zn2+. Exposure of cortical neurons to increasing concentrations of Zn2+ (1-100 microM) induced a ... More
Flow cytometric analysis of mitochondria from CA1 and CA3 regions of rat hippocampus reveals differences in permeability transition pore activation.
AuthorsMattiasson G, Friberg H, Hansson M, Elmér E, Wieloch T
JournalJ Neurochem
PubMed ID14511130
'Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases, and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane depolarization, permeability changes and release of apoptogenic proteins are involved in these processes. Following brain insults, cell death often occurs in discrete regions of the brain, such as the subregions of ... More
'Extracellular Zn2+ attenuates NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity and increases AMPA receptor-mediated toxicity. Known electrophysiological effects of Zn2+ predict only the former. We considered the possibility that the latter rather reflects AMPA potentiation of Zn2+ toxicity, perhaps mediated by neuronal depolarization and Zn2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. High K+ or kainate ... More
Metals in neurobiology: probing their chemistry and biology with molecular imaging.
AuthorsQue EL, Domaille DW, Chang CJ,
JournalChem Rev
PubMed ID18426241
'In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the field of transition metals in neurobiology, focusing on the contributions of d-block metals zinc, iron, and copper to neurophysiology, aging, and neuropathology, as well as progress in the development of molecular probes for visualizing zinc, iron, and copper ion ... More
Hypochlorous acid mobilizes intracellular zinc in isolated rat heart myocytes.
AuthorsTatsumi T, Fliss H
JournalJ Mol Cell Cardiol
PubMed ID8072005
'Neutrophil oxidants appear to cause contractile dysfunction in reperfused ischemic myocardium. This "reperfusion injury" may result from the intracellular mobilization of various metals. We examined the ability of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly reactive neutrophil oxidant, to mobilize cellular zinc in cardiac tissue. To monitor cellular zinc concentrations, isolated rat ... More
Characterization of N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide for the detection of zinc in living sperm cells.
'Zinc stabilizes membranes and DNA and inhibits respiration in somatic cells. It is present in high concentrations in the male reproductive tract and may stabilize spermatozoa prior to fertilization. Herein, we evaluate N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ) for analysis of Zn2+ in phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles and living spermatozoa using spectrofluorometry and flow cytometry. ... More
Low intracellular zinc impairs the translocation of activated NF-kappa B to the nuclei in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells.
Authors Mackenzie Gerardo G; Zago M Paola; Keen Carl L; Oteiza Patricia I;
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID12089148
'In the current work, we studied how variations in extracellular zinc concentrations modulate different steps involved in nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Cells were incubated in media containing varying concentrations of zinc (1.5, 5, 15, and 50 microm). Within 3 h, the intracellular zinc content ... More
Zinc-specific N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-para-toluenesulfonamide as a selective nontoxic fluorescence stain for pancreatic islets.
AuthorsJindal RM, Gray DW, McShane P, Morris PJ
JournalBiotech Histochem
PubMed ID8218572
'Separation of the endocrine from the exocrine pancreatic tissue by fluorescence activated sorting has been limited by the lack of an ideal fluorescent label for islet tissue. Our studies indicates the zinc-specific stain N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-para-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ), has characteristics ideal for use as a fluorescent label for islet tissue. Dispersed rat pancreas ... More
Rapid and inexpensive method for the quantitative assessment of donor pancreata for islet isolation.
AuthorsMundwiler KE, Lamberti FV, Hill RS
JournalTransplant Proc
PubMed ID7998205
The use of TSQ as an islet-specific stain for purification of islets by fluorescence-activated sorting.
AuthorsJindal RM, Gray DW, Morris PJ
JournalTransplantation
PubMed ID7504348
Zinc sensing for cellular application.
AuthorsKikuchi K, Komatsu K, Nagano T
JournalCurr Opin Chem Biol
PubMed ID15062780
Numerous tools for Zn2+ sensing in living cells have become available in the past three years. Among them, fluorescence imaging using fluorescent sensor molecules has been the most popular approach. Some of these sensor molecules can be used to visualize Zn2+ in living cells. Some of the biological functions of ... More
Translocation of zinc may contribute to seizure-induced death of neurons.
AuthorsFrederickson CJ, Hernandez MD, McGinty JF
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID2713657
Rats were subjected to seizures induced by kainic acid, and the resulting changes in CNS zinc staining were studied with the toluene sulfonamide quinoline fluorescence method. Seizures caused a loss of zinc staining from presynaptic boutons in many limbic and cerebrocortical regions. Simultaneously, the postsynaptic neurons that were degenerating (acidophilic) ... More
Loss of zinc staining from hippocampal mossy fibers during kainic acid induced seizures: a histofluorescence study.
AuthorsFrederickson CJ, Hernandez MD, Goik SA, Morton JD, McGinty JF
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID3370496
A quinoline fluorescence method for staining zinc in axonal boutons was used to study the effects of kainic acid (KA) induced seizures upon zinc in the boutons of hippocampal mossy fibers. Compared to untreated rats, rats given KA (10-12 mg/kg) and undergoing sustained seizures showed a marked loss of zinc ... More
Measurement of intracellular free zinc in living neurons.
AuthorsCanzoniero LM, Sensi SL, Choi DW
JournalNeurobiol Dis
PubMed ID9361304
Excessive Zn2+ influx has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuronal death after global ischemia or prolonged seizures, but little is presently known about cellular regulation of intracellular free Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i). In large part, this is because the tools currently available for measuring [Zn2+]i are limited in comparison to those ... More
Nonproteolytic neuroprotection by human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.
AuthorsKim YH, Park JH, Hong SH, Koh JY
JournalScience
PubMed ID10213688
Human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may benefit ischemic stroke patients by dissolving clots. However, independent of thrombolysis, tPA may also have deleterious effects on neurons by promoting excitotoxicity. Zinc neurotoxicity has been shown to be an additional key mechanism in brain injuries. Hence, if tPA affects zinc neurotoxicity, this ... More
A quinoline fluorescence method for visualizing and assaying the histochemically reactive zinc (bouton zinc) in the brain.
AuthorsFrederickson CJ, Kasarskis EJ, Ringo D, Frederickson RE
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID3600033
A histochemical method for staining CNS zinc by the stoichiometric formation of zinc: quinoline fluorescent chelates is described. Four congeners of quinoline have been tested, and two found to be useful for histochemistry. The procedure is a one-step method, suitable for fresh-frozen and fixed tissue sections alike. The quinoline fluorescence ... More
Possible role of zinc in the selective degeneration of dentate hilar neurons after cerebral ischemia in the adult rat.
AuthorsTønder N, Johansen FF, Frederickson CJ, Zimmer J, Diemer NH
JournalNeurosci Lett
PubMed ID2330128
The fluorescent dye 6-methoxy-8-p-toluene sulfonamide quinoline (TSQ) was used to monitor the distribution of zinc in the hippocampus and fascia dentata of adult rats subjected to 20 min of cerebral ischemia. In normal brains TSQ stains only neuropil, in particular the mossy fiber layers in the dentate hilus (CA4) and ... More
Distribution of histochemically reactive zinc in the forebrain of the rat.
AuthorsFrederickson CJ, Rampy BA, Reamy-Rampy S, Howell GA
JournalJ Chem Neuroanat
PubMed ID1476668
The major cytoarchitectonic regions of the rat brain that stain with the Timm-Danscher metal stain were tested with the fluorescent probe for zinc, 6-methoxy 8-para toluene sulfonamide quinoline (TSQ). Throughout most of the striatum, cerebral cortex and limbic system, the diffuse, even neuropil staining produced by the Timm-Danscher method was ... More
The actions of synaptically released zinc at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.
AuthorsVogt K, Mellor J, Tong G, Nicoll R
JournalNeuron
PubMed ID10798403
Zn2+ is present at high concentrations in the synaptic vesicles of hippocampal mossy fibers. We have used Zn2+ chelators and the mocha mutant mouse to address the physiological role of Zn2+ in this pathway. Zn2+ is not involved in the unique presynaptic plasticities observed at mossy fiber synapses but is ... More
Development and characterization of simulant pancreatic islets.
Insulin is stored in pancreatic islets as a zinc-insulin complex, and stimulating the islets results in the release of insulin and zinc. Simulant pancreatic islet beads have been developed using agarose beads (50-250 micro m diameter) derivatized with iminodiacetic acid that have been loaded with zinc. A qualitative comparison of ... More
Elimination of zinc from synaptic vesicles in the intact mouse brain by disruption of the ZnT3 gene.
The mammalian protein ZnT3 resides on synaptic vesicle membranes of zinc-containing neurons, suggesting its possible role in vesicular zinc transport. We show here that histochemically reactive zinc, corresponding to the zinc found within synaptic vesicles, was undetectable in the brains of mice with targeted disruption of the ZnT3 gene. Total ... More
Histochemical and histofluorescence tracing of chelatable zinc in the developing mouse.
AuthorsNitzan YB, Sekler I, Silverman WF
JournalJ Histochem Cytochem
PubMed ID15034004
Zinc is an essential element in mammalian development. However, little is known about concentrations of zinc in specific regions/organs in the embryo. We have employed selenite autometallography (AMG) and TSQ histofluoroscence to detect histochemically reactive (chelatable) zinc in whole midsagittal embryos and sections from neonatal mice. Chelatable zinc exhibited a ... More
Zinc-containing 7S-NGF complex. Evidence from zinc histochemistry for localization in salivary secretory granules.
AuthorsFrederickson CJ, Pérez-Clausell J, Danscher G
JournalJ Histochem Cytochem
PubMed ID2435783
7S-NGF is a pro-protein containing a neurotrophic subunit, beta-NGF, which has been localized by immunocytochemistry to the granules of granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells in certain murine salivary glands [Watson et al., Anat Rec (1985) 213:365]. The 7S-NGF pro-protein contains zinc and is stabilized by zinc ions [Pattison and Dunn, ... More
A new method for quantification of islets by measurement of zinc content.
AuthorsJindal RM, Taylor RP, Gray DW, Esmeraldo R, Morris PJ
JournalDiabetes
PubMed ID1499858
The ability to quantify the yield of pancreatic islet tissue after isolation is important for interlaboratory comparisons and for the assessment of islet yield prior to clinical transplantation. Because pancreatic islets contain a much higher concentration of zinc than other tissues, we investigated the analysis of zinc as a measure ... More
Azodicarbonamide inhibits HIV-1 replication by targeting the nucleocapsid protein.
AuthorsRice WG, Turpin JA, Huang M, Clanton D, Buckheit RW, Covell DG, Wallqvist A, McDonnell NB, DeGuzman RN, Summers MF, Zalkow L, Bader JP, Haugwitz RD, Sausville EA
JournalNat Med
PubMed ID9055865
Nucleocapsid p7 (NCp7) proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contain two zinc binding domains of the sequence Cys-(X)2-Cys-(X)4-His-(X)4-Cys (CCHC). The spacing pattern and metal-chelating residues (3 Cys, 1 His) of these nucleocapside CCHC zinc fingers are highly conserved among retroviruses. These CCHC domains are required during both the ... More
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate induces bovine cerebral endothelial cell death by increasing the intracellular zinc level.
AuthorsKim CH, Kim JH, Xu J, Hsu CY, Ahn YS
JournalJ Neurochem
PubMed ID10098865
The antioxidant and metal-chelating effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) have been extensively studied. PDTC prevents cell death induced by various insults. However, PDTC itself may cause cell death in selected experimental paradigms. PDTC induced bovine cerebral endothelial cell death. However, in serum-depleted medium, PDTC did not affect the cell viability, ... More
Inactivation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6 oncoprotein by organic disulfides.
AuthorsBeerheide W, Sim MM, Tan YJ, Bernard HU, Ting AE
JournalBioorg Med Chem
PubMed ID11092540
We are investigating compounds that could be useful in the treatment of neoplastic lesions of the cervix by acting on the oncoprotein E6 of human papillomavirus-16. The E6 protein contains two potential zinc-binding domains that are required for most of its functions. We have published tests that measure (i) the ... More
Imaging synaptic zinc release in living nervous tissue.
AuthorsVarea E, Ponsoda X, Molowny A, Danscher G, Lopez-Garcia C
JournalJ Neurosci Methods
PubMed ID11564525
Zinc enriched neurons have a pool of synaptic vesicles which contain free or loosely-bound zinc ions. The movement of the vesicular zinc ions into the synaptic clefts has been previously studied by microdialysis, fluorescence postmortem staining for zinc and radioactive zinc isotope. In this study the zinc fluorescence probe N-6-metoxy-p-toluensulfonamide ... More
Histochemically reactive zinc in plaques of the Swedish mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.
AuthorsLee JY, Mook-Jung I, Koh JY
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID10341271
Endogenous metals such as zinc may contribute to beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregation and hence the plaque formation. In the present study, we examined brains of four Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice at 12 months of age for histochemically reactive zinc in the plaques. Here, we report that all ... More
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein zinc ejection activity of disulfide benzamides and benzisothiazolones: correlation with anti-HIV and virucidal activities.
AuthorsTummino PJ, Harvey PJ, McQuade T, Domagala J, Gogliotti R, Sanchez J, Song Y, Hupe D
JournalAntimicrob Agents Chemother
PubMed ID9021197
It has been shown previously by our group and others that a series of four disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity can eject zinc from HIV type 1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) in vitro while analogs without antiviral activity do not. We also found that the zinc ejection ... More
Clioquinol effects on tissue chelatable zinc in mice.
AuthorsNitzan YB, Sekler I, Frederickson CJ, Coulter DA, Balaji RV, Liang SL, Margulis A, Hershfinkel M, Silverman WF
JournalJ Mol Med
PubMed ID12928783
Recent evidence for the involvement of zinc in the formation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain in Alzheimer's disease has led to the establishment of new therapeutic strategies for the degenerative disorder based on metal chelation. The present experiment was conducted on a membrane-permeable zinc chelator, clioquinol (CQ), that has ... More
Inhibition of multiple phases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a dithiane compound that attacks the conserved zinc fingers of retroviral nucleocapsid proteins.
AuthorsRice WG, Baker DC, Schaeffer CA, Graham L, Bu M, Terpening S, Clanton D, Schultz R, Bader JP, Buckheit RW, Field L, Singh PK, Turpin JA
JournalAntimicrob Agents Chemother
PubMed ID9021201
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid p7 protein contains two retrovirus-type zinc finger domains that are required for multiple phases of viral replication. Chelating residues (three Cys residues and one His residue) of the domains are absolutely conserved among all strains of HIV-1 and other retroviruses, and mutations ... More
Zinc stabilizes somatic cell membranes and DNA, inhibits respiration, is present in high concentrations in the male reproductive tract, and may stabilize sperm during storage and ejaculation. Zinc removal from sperm may be necessary to prepare sperm for fertilization (capacitation). Incubation with Zn2+ chelators, e.g., D-penicillamine, can capacitate hamster sperm ... More
The chemical cell biology of zinc: structure and intracellular fluorescence of a zinc-quinolinesulfonamide complex.
AuthorsNasir MS, Fahrni CJ, Suhy DA, Kolodsick KJ, Singer CP, O'Halloran TV
JournalJ Biol Inorg Chem
PubMed ID10631609
Fluorescent cell-permeant compounds based on 6-methoxy-8-p-toluenesulfonamido-quinoline, TSQ, are potentially powerful probes of intracellular zinc chemistry; however, the structure, thermodynamics, and stoichiometry of the metal complexes, and the molecular basis of Zn(II) recognition, remain open issues. To address these, we report the first structural characterization of a Zn(II) complex of a ... More
Nitric oxide generators produce accumulation of chelatable zinc in hippocampal neuronal perikarya.
AuthorsCuajungco MP, Lees GJ
JournalBrain Res
PubMed ID9666098
While zinc is essential for health, it has also been implicated in the neuropathology of several disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and cerebral ischemia. Recent studies have shown that oxidative and nitrosylative stresses can liberate zinc from metalloproteins in vitro. Thus, nitric oxide (NO.), a radical molecule which ... More
Zinc in the extracellular area of the central nervous system is necessary for the development of kainic acid-induced persistent hyperalgesia in mice.
AuthorsLarson AA, Giovengo SL, Shi Q, Velázquez RA, Kovacs KJ
JournalPain
PubMed ID10779674
Kainic acid produces a persistent hyperalgesia when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in the rat or mouse. At higher doses than those needed to influence nociception, kainic acid induces seizures and translocation of histologically reactive zinc in the hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that zinc, localized in a population of small diameter ... More
Zinc co-localizes with GABA and glycine in synapses in the lamprey spinal cord.
AuthorsBirinyi A, Parker D, Antal M, Shupliakov O
JournalJ Comp Neurol
PubMed ID11283960
The presence of zinc in synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord was examined utilizing a modification of the Timm's sulfide silver method and with the fluorescent marker 6-methoxy-8-quinolyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ). Axons labeled with a Timm's staining method were predominantly located in the lateral region of the dorsal column. This correlated ... More
Intracellular zinc fluxes associated with apoptosis in growth plate chondrocytes.
AuthorsSauer GR, Smith DM, Cahalane M, Wu LN, Wuthier RE
JournalJ Cell Biochem
PubMed ID12616534
Matrix vesicles released by epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes are known to contain a significant quantity of labile Zn(2+). Zonal analysis of chicken metatarsal bones showed that the resting/proliferative region of the growth plate contained high levels of Zn(2+) with significantly lower levels in the hypertrophic cartilage suggesting a loss of ... More