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查看更多产品信息 pREP4 Mammalian Expression Vector - FAQs (V00450)
15 个常见问题解答
我们的附加型哺乳动物表达载体（pCEP4，pREP4和pEBNA-DEST）包含了非洲淋巴细胞瘤病毒（EBV）来源的复制起点（oriP)和非洲淋巴瘤核抗原（EBNA-1），适用于在人、灵长类、犬和猪细胞系中进行瞬时或稳定的高拷贝附加型复制。它们在小鼠或大鼠下细胞系中不会发生附加型复制。pEBNA-DEST也适用于干细胞。
保守的Kozak序列为A/G NNATGG，其中的ATG表示起始密码子。ATG周围的核苷酸点突变会影响翻译效率。尽管我们通常情况下都推荐加入一段Kozak保守序列，不过这一操作的必要性还是基于具体的目的基因，一般只需ATG就足以高效地启始翻译过程。最佳的建议是保持cDNA中天然起始位点，除非确定这一位点的功能性不理想。如果从表达的角度来考虑，推荐构建并测试两种载体，一个具有天然的起始位点，另一个具有保守的Kozak序列。通常情况下，所有具有N-融合表达的表达载体都已经包含了一个翻译起始位点。
ATG通常对于高效的翻译启始是足够的，尽管翻译效率要视目的基因而定。最佳的建议应是保持cDNA中天然起始位点，除非确定这一位点的功能性不理想。如果从表达的角度来考虑，推荐构建并测试两种载体，一个具有天然的起始位点，另一个具有保守的Kozak序列。通常情况下，所有N-端融合型表达载体都已包含了一个RBS或翻译起始位点。
原核生物mRNA含有Shine-Dalgarno序列，也称为核糖体结合位点(RBS)，它是由AUG起始密码子5’端的多嘌呤序列AGGAGG组成。该序列与16S rRNA 3’端的互补，有助于mRNA有效结合到核糖体上。同理，真核生物（特别是哺乳动物）mRNA也含有完成有效翻译所需的重要序列信息。然而，Kozak序列不是真正的核糖体结合位点，而是一种翻译起始增强子。Kozak共有序列是ACCAUGG，其中AUG是起始密码子。-3位的嘌呤(A/G)具有重要作用；若-3位是一个嘧啶(C/T)，翻译过程会对-1、-2和+4位的改变更敏感。当-3位从嘌呤变为嘧啶时，可使表达水平降低多达95%。+4位对表达水平的影响相对较小，可以使表达水平降低约50%。
注：果蝇的最佳Kozak序列稍有不同，酵母完全不遵循这些规则。见下列参考文献：
•Foreign Gene Expression in Yeast: a Review. Yeast, vol. 8, p. 423-488 (1992).
•Caveneer, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 1353-1361 (1987).
Our episomal mammalian expression vectors (pCEP4 and pREP4) contain the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) origin of replication (oriP) and the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) for high-copy, transient, or stable episomal replication in human, primate, canine, and porcine cell lines. They do not bring about episomal expression in murine or rodent cell lines.
The consensus Kozak sequence is A/G NNATGG, where the ATG indicates the initiation codon. Point mutations in the nucleotides surrounding the ATG have been shown to modulate translation efficiency. Although we make a general recommendation to include a Kozak consensus sequence, the necessity depends on the gene of interest and often, the ATG alone may be sufficient for efficient translation initiation. The best advice is to keep the native start site found in the cDNA unless one knows that it is not functionally ideal. If concerned about expression, it is advisable to test two constructs, one with the native start site and the other with a consensus Kozak. In general, all expression vectors that have an N-terminal fusion will already have an initiation site for translation.
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ATG is often sufficient for efficient translation initiation although it depends upon the gene of interest. The best advice is to keep the native start site found in the cDNA unless one knows that it is not functionally ideal. If concerned about expression, it is advisable to test two constructs, one with the native start site and the other with a Shine Dalgarno sequence/RBS or consensus Kozak sequence (ACCAUGG), as the case may be. In general, all expression vectors that have an N-terminal fusion will already have a RBS or initiation site for translation.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
All of the mentioned episomal vectors can be maintained extra-chromosomally in human, primate, and canine cell lines. They will not replicate episomally in rodent cell lines (e.g. CHO, NIH-3T3). Copy number is dependent on cell size, size of the insert, and transfection efficiency. Typically, the general range is between 1 to 30 per cell.
Note: Only pCEP4 and pREP4 are still available for purchase from Thermo Fisher Scientific as of January 2012. The other vectors have been discontinued.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
The hygromycin resistance gene was obtained directly from E. coli. pCEP4, pMEP4, pREP4, pREP7, pREP10, and pEBVHis vectors have the same TK-driven hygromycin resistance gene.
Note: Only pCEP4 and pREP4 are still available for purchase from Thermo Fisher Scientific as of January 2012. The other vectors have been discontinued.
Prokaryotic mRNAs contain a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, also known as a ribosome binding site (RBS), which is composed of the polypurine sequence AGGAGG located just 5’ of the AUG initiation codon. This sequence allows the message to bind efficiently to the ribosome due to its complementarity with the 3’-end of the 16S rRNA. Similarly, eukaryotic (and specifically mammalian) mRNA also contains sequence information important for efficient translation. However, this sequence, termed a Kozak sequence, is not a true ribosome binding site, but rather a translation initiation enhancer. The Kozak consensus sequence is ACCAUGG, where AUG is the initiation codon. A purine (A/G) in position -3 has a dominant effect; with a pyrimidine (C/T) in position -3, translation becomes more sensitive to changes in positions -1, -2, and +4. Expression levels can be reduced up to 95% when the -3 position is changed from a purine to pyrimidine. The +4 position has less influence on expression levels where approximately 50% reduction is seen. See the following references:
- Kozak, M. (1986) Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44, 283-292.
- Kozak, M. (1987) At least six nucleotides preceding the AUG initiator codon enhance translation in mammalian cells. J. Mol. Biol. 196, 947-950.
- Kozak, M. (1987) An analysis of 5´-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 8125-8148.
- Kozak, M. (1989) The scanning model for translation: An update. J. Cell Biol. 108, 229-241.
- Kozak, M. (1990) Evaluation of the fidelity of initiation of translation in reticulocyte lysates from commercial sources. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 2828.
Note: The optimal Kozak sequence for Drosophila differs slightly, and yeast do not follow this rule at all. See the following references:
- Romanos, M.A., Scorer, C.A., Clare, J.J. (1992) Foreign gene expression in yeast: a review. Yeast 8, 423-488.
- Cavaneer, D.R. (1987) Comparison of the consensus sequence flanking translational start sites in Drosophila and vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 1353-1361.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
The hygromycin resistance gene in these vectors is driven by the TK (Thymidine Kinase) promoter and comes from E. coli.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
HAT is a compete medium supplemented with 100 micromolar hypoxanthine, 0.4 micromolar aminopterin, 16 micromolar thymidine, and 3 micromolar glycine (HAT medium) is used when using selection vectors that encode for thymidine kinase (TK). For more information on this selection method, you can refer to Current Protocols in Molecular Biology ("Red Book") or the following reference:Littlefield, JW 1964 "Selection of hybrids from matings of fibroblasts in vitro and their presumed recombinants." Science 145:709-710.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
The EBNA-1 gene in pCEP4 is expressed from a natural EBV promoter and TATA box. The promoter is not well defined, but if you BLAST the sequences upstream of the EBNA-1 ORF you will see that they line up with EBV genomic sequences.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
There is probably no termination/polyA for EBNA-1. There are only about 75 bases after the stop codon before the pUC sequence resumes with no obvious signal sequences.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.
Eukaryotic (and specifically mammalian) mRNA contains sequence information that is important for efficient translation. However, this sequence, termed a Kozak sequence, is not a true ribosome binding site, but rather a translation initiation enhancer. The Kozak consensus sequence is ACCAUGG, where AUG is the initiation codon. A purine (A/G) in position -3 has a dominant effect; with a pyrimidine (C/T) in position -3, translation becomes more sensitive to changes in positions -1, -2, and +4. Expression levels can be reduced up to 95% when the -3 position is changed from a purine to pyrimidine. The +4 position has less influence on expression levels where approximately 50% reduction is seen. See the following references:
Kozak, M. (1986) Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44, 283-292.
Kozak, M. (1987) At least six nucleotides preceding the AUG initiator codon enhance translation in mammalian cells. J. Mol. Biol. 196, 947-950.
Kozak, M. (1987) An analysis of 5´-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 8125-8148.
Kozak, M. (1989) The scanning model for translation: An update. J. Cell Biol. 108, 229-241.
Kozak, M. (1990) Evaluation of the fidelity of initiation of translation in reticulocyte lysates from commercial sources. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 2828.
Note: The optimal Kozak sequence for Drosophila differs slightly, and yeast do not follow this rule at all. See the following references:
Romanos, M.A., Scorer, C.A., Clare, J.J. (1992) Foreign gene expression in yeast: a review. Yeast 8, 423-488.
Cavaneer, D.R. (1987) Comparison of the consensus sequence flanking translational start sites in Drosophila and vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 1353-1361.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Expression Support Center.