Search
Search
View additional product information for DiR'; DiIC18(7) (1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-Tetramethylindotricarbocyanine Iodide) - FAQs (D12731)
25 product FAQs found
如果您选择的示踪剂是亲脂性染料并且用甲醇固定，脂质会随着甲醇流失。如果您使用甲醇固定，可以选择能够共价结合神经元内的蛋白质的示踪剂。
由于这些染料插入脂质膜，任何对膜的破坏都将导致染料流失。这包括用Triton X-100之类的去垢剂或是甲醇之类的有机溶剂通透。通透是胞内抗体标记所必需的，但它会导致染料流失。相反，CFDA SE之类活性染料能够共价连接到细胞组分，因此可以在固定和通透之后更好的保留。
DiI是一种亲脂性染料，多数保留在细胞脂质内。当细胞经去垢剂通透或是用乙醇固定时，会去除掉脂质和染料。如果需要通透，可以使用CM-DiI标记，因为CM-DiI会共价结合膜里面的蛋白；部分信号会随着固定/通透丢失，但残留的信号仍足以被检测出。
转运过程相当缓慢：在活体组织中大约6 mm/天，在固定组织中更慢。亲脂性羰花青示踪剂从开始给样处扩散到神经元末端，可能需要数天甚至数周的时间。FAST DIO和DiI类似物（具有不饱和烷基尾）可以提高50％左右的转运速度。
请选择与您现有的激发光源和发射滤光片组/通道兼容的染料。固体、糊和晶体形式的染料可直接施加到组织中的神经元。如需标记培养的细胞或进行显微注射，可采用溶液或固态形式的亲脂性染料。
要考虑的因素有示踪对象的大小、给样方式（注射，直接上样到组织等），示踪对象是否需要固定。以下链接详细介绍了我们提供的各类神经元示踪剂的详细信息以及选择方法：
•神经元示踪（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-tracing-tracking-and-morphology/neuronal-tracing.html）
•选择示踪剂（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/references/molecular-probes-the-handbook/fluorescent-tracers-of-cell-morphology-and-fluid-flow/choosing-a-tracer.html）
•成像分析（http://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/BID/Reference-Materials/bioprobes-50-journal.pdf）
固体和结晶形式的DiI以及其他相关染料（货号D282，D3911，D7757，和D12731）有时与一个特定的神经元接触，通过膜侧向扩散染上整个细胞。此外，我们的NeuroTrace组织标记糊剂也可挑到针上，置于特定的神经元上。 有关我们的神经元细胞标记方法的比较结果请参阅下表。 产品：标记方式：标记强度：特征 神经元特异性抗体：针对神经细胞表达蛋白的一抗：与蛋白质表达量成比例：唯一的神经元特异性标记方式。 亲脂性神经元示踪剂：疏水性染料掺入到细胞中的脂质：由于细胞中含有大量的脂类，这种标记方式能提供最强的标记：能够跟踪整个样品的神经元。 荧光标记的右旋糖苷：通常右旋糖苷采用显微注射：所有的细胞质可能被标记，标记密度可能会更高：能够标记单个神经元，从而避免了荧光背景干扰。 膜电位指示剂：染料通过水性缓冲液上样到活细胞里：取决于周围电场引起的结构变化，或者去极化引起的染料流入：膜电位的变化在各种生理进程中发挥核心作用，包括神经脉冲波传播，肌肉收缩以及细胞信号传导过程。
详细信息请查阅此网页（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-tracing-tracking-and-morphology/neuronal-tracing.html）。
亲脂性花青染料非常适合此类测定，因为它们会掺入到细胞膜中，随着细胞融合之后共用细胞膜，染料也随之共享。例如，一个细胞群体可以用DiI（橙红色）进行标记，而另一细胞群可以用DIO（绿色）进行标记，当细胞融合时合并的颜色为黄色（使用双带通滤光片成像）。
这是不推荐的。这些染料与DNA和RNA的结合会影响核酸的正常功能，扰乱转录和增殖。诸如CellTracker染料或Qtracker试剂在不严重扰乱细胞正常活动的条件下对其进行追踪。如果您仍需要使用核酸染料进行标记且细胞是哺乳动物和非血液来源的话，CellLight 细胞核试剂可通过瞬时转染进入细胞，在核表达蛋白上表达GFP或RFP长达数天而不影响其功能。
请浏览这里（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-tracing-tracking-and-morphology/cell-tracking.html）以帮助您选择适合您的应用的产品。首先确定追踪细胞的时间，然后考虑染料结合机制。钙黄绿素染料标记均匀且对短期细胞迁移示踪效果极佳，但也会被某些类型细胞迅速外排。亲脂性的花青素染料，如DiI，DIO，和类似的染料能标记细胞膜而不破坏其功能，并且能持续更长时间，但如果发生膜融合则可能会染上其他细胞。此外，它们还会在透化过程中丢失。CellTracker染料更有利于长期标记，其带有温和的氯甲基反应基团使之能够与细胞组分共价结合。CFDA SE也能共价地结合于细胞组分。在所有列出的试剂中，细胞内保留与否取决于细胞分裂的速率和细胞的固有特性（主动外排，膜和蛋白质的周转率等）。其中共价结合试剂比非共价结合的试剂展现出更长的保留时间。
Qtracker试剂是最持久并且荧光强度最高的细胞示踪染料，它通过内吞作用被细胞摄入。在许多样品中它们产生的信号可以持续检测长达数周，而且信号足够强，即使在固定和通透甚至加热和石蜡处理过程中，仍然能够维持较好的荧光信号。
如果进行活细胞成像，CellVue和CellMask 质膜染色剂染色最均匀，被细胞内吞的速度最慢。如果想固定和通透细胞（如进行抗体标记），这种产品并不是最佳选择。麦胚凝集素（WGA）偶联物也能标记活细胞，或者甲醛固定的细胞。它们可以在随后的去垢剂（如TritonX-100）通透处理后保存下来。但如果细胞已经进行通透处理，WGA也会标记内部结构。因此，如果细胞已通透，则只能使用靶向质膜蛋白的抗体。亲脂性花青染料（如DiI）会标记活细胞的所有膜结构，而不仅仅是细胞质膜。此网页（https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-structure/plasma-membrane.html）的内容可帮助您进行选择。
Lipophilic cyanine dyes, such as DiI (Cat. No. D282), DiO (Cat. No. D275), DiD (Cat. No. D7757) or DiR (Cat. No. D12731), are commonly used. The longer the alkyl chain on the dye, the better the retention in lipophilic environments.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
If the tracer you chose is a lipophilic dye and fix with methanol, the lipids are lost with the methanol. If you have to use methanol fixation then choose a tracer that will covalently bind to proteins in the neurons.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
Since these dyes insert into lipid membranes, any disruption of the membranes leads to loss of the dye. This includes permeabilization with detergents like Triton X-100 or organic solvents like methanol. Permeabilization is necessary for intracellular antibody labeling, leading to loss of the dye. Instead, a reactive dye such as CFDA SE should be used to allow for covalent attachment to cellular components, thus providing for better retention upon fixation and permeabilization.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
DiI is a lipophilic dye that resides mostly in lipids in the cell, when cells are permeabilized with detergent or fixed using alcohol this strips away the lipid and the dye. If permeabilization is required CM-DiI can be used because this binds covalently to proteins in the membrane; some signal is lost upon fixation/permeabilization, but enough signal should be retained to make detection possible.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
The transport is fairly slow, around 6 mm/day in live tissue and slower in fixed tissue, so diffusion of lipophilic carbocyanine tracers from the point of their application to the terminus of a neuron can take several days to weeks The FAST DiO and DiI analogs (which have unsaturated alkyl tails) can improve transport rate by around 50%.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
Select the dye that is compatible with your available excitation source(s) and emission filter set/channels. The solid, paste and crystal forms can be applied directly to neurons in tissues. For labeling cells in culture or microinjection, the lipophilic dyes in solution or solid form can be used.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
Factors to consider are size of tracer, method of delivery (injection, direct application to tissue, etc.), and if the tracer needs to be fixable. Here are some links to details about the various classes of neuronal tracers we offer and how to choose between them:
Neuronal Tracing (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-tracing-tracking-and-morphology/neuronal-tracing.html)
Choosing a Tracer (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/references/molecular-probes-the-handbook/fluorescent-tracers-of-cell-morphology-and-fluid-flow/choosing-a-tracer.html)
Imaging Analysis (http://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/BID/Reference-Materials/bioprobes-50-journal.pdf)
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
The solid and crystalline forms of DiI and other related dyes (Cat. Nos. D282, D3911, D7757, and D12731) are sometimes placed in contact with a specific neuron where it will travel down the cell by lateral diffusion via the membrane. Alternatively, our NeuroTrace Tissue Labeling Paste can be scooped onto a needle and placed onto particular neurons.
Please see the information below for a comparison of our neuronal cell labeling methods:
Product:Method of labeling: Labeling intensity: Features
Neuron-specific antibodies: Primary antibodies directed to proteins expressed in neuronal cells: Proportional to the amount of protein expressed: Provides the only neuronal specific labeling method
Lipophilic neuronal ytracers: Hydrophobic dyes are incorporated into lipids in the cell: This labeling method provides the most intense labeling becuase of the abundant amount of lipids: Allows tracing of neurons throughout the sample
Membrane potential indicators: Dyes are loaded into live cells in aqueous buffers: Depends on either changes in structures due to the electrical field they are in, or dye influx due to depolarization: Changes in membrane potential play a central role in physiological processes, including nerve-impulse propagation, muscle contraction, and cell signaling
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
Please check out this web page (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-tracing-tracking-and-morphology/neuronal-tracing.html) for details.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
Lipophilic cyanine dyes are preferred for this sort of assay, since they insert into cellular membranes and then, upon fusion, are shared by the fused cells as the membranes are shared. For example, one cell population can be labeled with DiI (orange-red) and another cell population can be labeled with DiO (green), and when the cells fuse, the combined color appears yellow (when imaged with a dual-bandpass filter set).
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
This is not recommended. When these stains bind to DNA and RNA, they may affect the normal function of the nucleic acids, disrupting transcription, as well as replication. Other reagents, such as CellTracker dyes or Qtracker reagents are more optimized for tracking without disrupting normal activity. If a nuclear label is still desired, though, and the cells are mammalian and non-hematopoietic, CellLight nuclear reagents can transiently transfect cells to express GFP or RFP on a nuclear-expressing protein for up to several days without affecting function.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Tracing and Tracking Support Center.
Please see this Web link (http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-tracing-tracking-and-morphology/cell-tracking.html) to help you choose the right option for your application. Start by planning how long you want to track your cells, then consider the mechanism of binding. Calcein dyes are very uniform in label and are good for short-term cell migration, but may be rapidly effluxed from some cell types. Lipophilic cyanine dyes, such as DiI, DiO, and similar dyes label cell membranes, don’t disrupt function, and can last longer, but have the potential to cross to other cells if membranes fuse. They are also lost upon permeabilization. CellTracker dyes are better for longer-term labeling, as they possess a mildly reactive chloromethyl moiety that allows covalent binding to cellular components. CFDA SE also covalently binds to cellular components. With all the reagents, their retention within cells is dependent upon the rate of cell division and the inherent properties of the cell (active efflux, membrane and protein turnover rates, etc.) and reagents that allow for covalent attachment exhibit longer retention than those that do not.
The longest-lasting and brightest options are the Qtracker reagents, which are taken up through endocytosis. These are so bright individual quantum dots can be detected, and are also robust enough to survive not only fixation and permeabilization, but even the heat and solvents used in paraffin processing.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Tracing and Tracking Support Center.
For live-cell imaging, the CellVue and CellMask Plasma Membrane Stains are the most uniform and the slowest to be endocytosed. However, they are not the best choice if you wish to fix and permeabilize your cells, such as for antibody labeling. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugates are also able to label live cells, or can label already formaldehyde-fixed cells. They can survive subsequent permeabilization with detergents, such as Triton X-100. If cells are already permeabilized, WGA will label internal structures as well. Thus, only an antibody against a plasma membrane protein can be used if cells are already permeabilized. Lipophilic cyanine dyes, such as DiI, will label all cell membranes in live cells, not just plasma membranes, if left on live cells for extended periods. Following page will help you choose (http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-structure/plasma-membrane.html).
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.